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Biology 157 > CH8 > Flashcards

CH8 Flashcards

1
Q

Base substitution mutation

A

CG turns into AT

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2
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

Base pairs are added or removed from the sequence, causing shift in sequence reading

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3
Q

Inducible operon

A

Genes that are in off mode are turned on by inducer

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4
Q

Repressible operon

A

Genes that are in are turned off by corepressor and repressor

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5
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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6
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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7
Q

mRNA begins T the start codon

A

Aug

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8
Q

Translation ends at nonsense codons

A

UAA,UAG,UGA

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9
Q

Unwinds dna

A

Helicase

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10
Q

Adds nucleotides to a growing chain

Also helps with editing out mistakes, removes mismatched nucleotides and replace them with the proper nucleotide

A

DNA polymerase

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11
Q

Joins small fragments into a continuous chain

A

DNA ligase

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12
Q

Segment of dna where rna polymerase initiates transcription of structural genes

A

Promoter

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13
Q

Segment of dna that controls transcription of structural genes

A

Operator

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14
Q

Set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control

A

Operon

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15
Q

The repressor is active and binds to the operator preventing transcription

A

Repressor active, operon off

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16
Q

In the presence of lactose, inducer allolactose binds to the repressor protein

Inactivated repressor can no longer block transcription

Genes are transcribed, producing enzymes needed for lactose catabolism

A

Repressor active, operon on

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17
Q

Repressor inactive, operon on

A

In absence of tryptophan the repressor is inactive

Transcription and translation proceed
Leading to synthesis of tryptophan

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18
Q

Repressor active operon off

A

In presence of tryptophan acting as a suppressor, tryptophan binds to the repressor protein. The activated repressor binds with the operator, preventing transcription of the operon

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19
Q

If glucose is scarce the high level of camp activates cap and lac operon produces large amounts of mRNA for lactose digestion

A

Positive regulation

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20
Q

If both lactose and glucose is present, camp is scarce and the inactive cap is unable to stimulate transcription of lac operon

A

Not needed because both are present

Positive regulation

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21
Q

Part of an mRNA molecule that binds to a substrate and changes the mRNA structure translation is initated or stopped

A

Riboswitch

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22
Q

Base pair with mRNA to make double stranded

Double stranded rna is ezymatically destroyed preventing production of a protein

A

MicroRNA
MiRNA

23
Q

Change in an individual base

Based on the effect on protein, there are three types

A

Base substitutions/ point mutations

Kicking up kids parents rotate

24
Q

Do not affect the protein sequence

Think degeneracy

A

Silent mutations

25
Q

DNA changes that change the amino acid in a protein, may or may not affect t the function of the protein

A

Missense mutations

26
Q

Create a stop codon that will shorten the protein likely affecting its function

A

Nonsense mutations

27
Q

Insertions of 1-2 nucleotides into dna that will affect how the ribosome read codons

Shifts the translational reading frame

After the point of insertion, the protein sequence is dramatically altered

Book pages ripped out and replaced with random pages

A

Frame shift mutations

28
Q

Selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different than unmuted cells

A

Positive direct

29
Q

Selection detects mutant cells that cannot grow or perform a certain function

A

Negative indirect

30
Q

Mutant that had a nutritional requirement absent in the parent

A

Use of replica plating

31
Q

Isolating strain of salmonella bacteria that cannot make the amino acid histidine

A

Replica plating

32
Q

Exposes mutant bacteria to mutagenic substances to measure the rate of reversal of the mutation

Indicates degree to which a substance is mutagenic

A

Ames test

33
Q

Genetic elements that exist outside chromosomes

Called genetic elements because they can move from one chromosome to another or from one cell to another

A

Plasmid and transposons

34
Q

Transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

A

Vertical gene transfer

35
Q

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

A

Horizontal gene transfer

36
Q

Digest food

Encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds help bacteria get energy from metabolism of novel carbon sources. Some strains of pseudomonas can break down petroleum based molecules

A

Dissimulation plasmids

37
Q

Often code for proteins that enhance the pathogenicity of a bacterium

Exfoliative toxin of SA clostridium tetanu neurotoxin and toxins of bacillus anthrax is synthesis of bacteriocins toxin proteins that kill other bacteria

A

toxins

38
Q

Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid

A

Conjugation plasmid

39
Q

Encode antibiotic resistance genes that confer antibiotic resistance

A

Resistance factors (r factors)

40
Q

Needed for plasmid replication and transfer of the plasmid by conjugation

A

Rtf

41
Q

Carries genes for resistance to mercury and four different antibiotics

Sulfonamide resistance, streptomycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, tetracycline resistance

A

R determinant

42
Q

Segments of dna that can move from one region of dna to another

A

Transposons

43
Q

Short inverted repeat sequences of dna that the enzyme recognizes as recombination sites between the transposon and the chromosome

A

Recognition site

44
Q

Carry other genes

Genes for enterotoxin or for antibiotic resistance

Plasmids frequently made up of a collection of transposon

A

Complex transposons

45
Q

Adenoviridae

A

Mastadenovirus
Common cold
Resp infection in humans
Tumors in animals
Dbl stranded dna
Noneveloped

46
Q

Poxviridae

A

Small pox
Cow pox
Dbl stranded dna
Enveloped
Transcriptase
Host cytoplasm
Skin lesions

47
Q

Papoviridae

A

Cervical/anal cancer
Dbl stranded dna non enveloped
Papilloma virus warts
Polyomas tumors
Vacuolation cytoplasmic vacuoles
Produce proteins that accelerate growth

48
Q

Herpesviridae

A

Dbl stranded dna
Envelopes
Hhv-1 and 2 simplexvirus cold sores
Hhv-3 varicella virus chicken pox shingles
Hhv-4 lymphocrytovirus mononucleosis
Hhv-5 cytomegalovirus
Hhv-6 &7 roseolovirus
Hhv-8 rhadinovirus kaposi sarcoma

49
Q

Animal dna

A

Replicates inside of host cells nucleus
Encode their own rna polymerase so virus genome can replicate when host cell isn’t

50
Q

Animal rna

A

Replicates in cytoplasm
Requires viral rna polymerase(replicase)
Rdrna

51
Q

Ssrna + sense strand

A

Viral rna serves as mRNA for protein synthesis

52
Q

Ssrna - antisense strand

A

RNA is transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA for protein synthesis

53
Q

Bacteriophage lysogenic cells are

A

Immune to reinfection by the same phage

54
Q

Phage conversion host cell may exhibit new properties

A

Toxin production in corynebacterium diphtheriae

Biology 157 (9 decks)

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