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Social Media: Risks & Opportunities > Lecture 3: Experiencing online aggression > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Experiencing online aggression Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of online aggression / cyber aggression (Grigg, 2010)

A
  • Intentional harm…
  • … delivered by the use of electronic means…
  • … to a person or a group of people…
  • … who perceive(s) such acts as offensive, derogatory, harmful, or unwanted
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2
Q

What is the definition of (cyber)bullying (Olweus, 1993)

A
  • Bullying is an aggressive, intentional or behavior…
  • … that is carried out by a group or an individual…
  • … repeatedly…
  • … and overtime against a victim who cannot easily defend him-or herself
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3
Q

What are Dark triads?

A

set of three personalities

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4
Q

What are dark personalities?

A

Those characterized by socially offensive traits:
- Narcissism
- Machiavellianism
- Psychopathy

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5
Q

What do we know about Machiavellianism and (cyber-) aggression? - Dark triad

A

Associated with offline aggression among adolescents

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6
Q

What doe we know about Narcissim and (cyber-) aggression? - Dark triad

A
  • Associated with offline aggression among adolescents
  • Narcissists function well in online environments (e.g., due to the controllability of online self-presentation
  • Narcissistic exploitativeness (exploitative of others, only your own interest in mind, no moral compassion), a sub-construct of narcissism, is associated with cyber-aggression among adolescents
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7
Q

What do we know about Psychopathy and (cyber-) aggression? - Dark triad

A
  • Associated with offline aggression among adolescents
  • Associated with cyber-aggression among adolescents
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8
Q

What were the results from the study ‘Dark triad’? (Pabian et al.)

A
  • Machiavellianism & narcissism was not connected to cyber-aggression
  • Psychopathy was connected to cyber-aggression
  • Facebook intensity was connected to cyber-aggresison
  • Facebook intensity was not a mediating factor
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9
Q

What were the implications from the study ‘Dark triad’? (Pabian et al.)

A

As personality traits are fairly stabilized in this age group, cyber-
aggression may be used as an indicator of psychopathy in adolescent individuals.

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10
Q

What advise (prevention) can we give based on the study? - ‘Dark triad’? (Pabian et al.)

A
  • Social perspective-taking skills have been proven successful in overcoming egocentrism and antisocial behavior
  • Include training of these skills in prevention programs
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11
Q

What are the limitations of the study?

A
  • Short Dark Triad instrument did not allow to investigate sub-constructs of Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy
  • More recently: Dark Tetrad: Sadism as fourth triat
  • Self-reports: Solutions: Social desirability scale
  • Convenience sample (more girls than boys)
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12
Q

Explain the theory of planned behavior…:

A
  • The TPB (Ajzen, 1991) posits that people’s intention to perform a certain
    behavior is the best predictor of their actual behavior.
  • The behavioral intention, in turn, is determined by three belief-based concepts:
    1. Attitude
    2. Subjective norm
    3. Perceived behavioral control
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13
Q

Why is the study of Pabian & Vandebosch (2014) about ‘the theory of planned behavior’ relevant?

A
  1. Shortcomings proximal determinants
    * Received few attention in previous research
    * Studied in isolation from other proximal determinants
  2. Importance of studying proximal determinants
    * Modifiable by interventions
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14
Q

What are the RQ’s of the study? - ‘the theory of planned behavior’ (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)

A
  1. Is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) a good framework for explaining cyberbullying perpetration?
  2. Which are the underlying beliefs of the attitude, subjective norm and perceived
    behavioral control?
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15
Q

What did previous research found about profiling perpetrators and ‘attitudes, values’?

A

More favorable attitude with regard to cyberbullying

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16
Q

What did previous research found about profiling perpetrators and ‘Subjective norms, normative beliefs’?

A

Normative beliefs that peers approve cyberbullying

17
Q

What did previous research found about profiling perpetrators and ‘Risk perception’?

A

Having less concerns about being caught and socially punished

18
Q
A
19
Q

Which studies used ‘The theory of planned behavior’ and what was it about?

A
  1. Adolescents’ offline and online (risk) behavior
    * Gambling, (un)safe sex, fighting
    * Sexting
  2. Heirman & Walrave (2012): Cyberbullying
    * Shortcoming: Only use of DIRECT measures, not underlying beliefs of A, SN, PBC
20
Q

What is the focus of the study? - ‘the theory of planned behavior’ (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)

A

Adding underlying beliefs
1. Attitudes: Why are attitudes positive or negative? Which are the expected positive and negative outcomes of CB?
2. Subjective norm: Which reference groups ultimately generate a positive or negative
influence?
3. Perceived behavioral control: What makes CB easy or difficult to perform

21
Q

What are the implications that the study found? - ‘the theory of planned behavior’ (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)

A
  1. The theoretical model (TPB) = applicable
  2. Evidence & importance proximal determinants
    * Some are more important than others
    * Evidence-based intervention and prevention studies can make an informed selection
  3. Importance of peers
22
Q

What are the limitations of the study? - ‘the theory of planned behavior’ (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)

A
  1. Large proportion of self-reported behavior unexplained
  2. Cyberbullying is not always a ‘planned behavior’
  3. Background characteristics and other behaviors not added to the model (e.g., gender, age, past behavior)
23
Q

Why is cyberbullying not always a ‘planned behavior’?

A
  • Impulsive action
  • Willingness could be better prediction than intention (research debate)
24
Q

Why is large proportion of self-reported behavior unexplained a limitation?

A
  • General measurement CB, concrete behaviors might have varied considerably
  • Temporal distance (six months) between intention and behavior
25
Q

What evidence is found for short-term consequences of cyberbullying victimization?

A
  1. Cross-sectional data:
    Anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, suicidal ideation, social anxiety, pessimism, unhappiness
  2. Longitudinal data (6 months to two years):
    general mental health problems, depressive symptoms, anxiety, social anxiety
26
Q

What evidence is found for short- and long-term consequences of traditional bullying
victimization?

A
  1. Long-term: Longitudinal and retrospective data
  2. Differences between victims and non-victims
  3. General psychological complaints, depression, anxiety, self-harm and
    suicidality, psychotic symptoms, dissociative and traumatic symptoms, post-
    traumatic stress, self-esteem, eating disorders
27
Q

What is the focus of the study ‘Cyberbullying victimization’? (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A
  1. Long-term outcomes of early victimization, both offline and online
    * CB now exists for + 15 years!
    * Strong overlaps between both forms of victimization
    * Offline & online interactions are strongly intertwined
  2. From the victims’ perspective, qualitative data
  3. Focus on both aversive and non-aversive outcomes
28
Q

What is the RQ of the study ‘Cyberbullying victimization’? (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A

RQ: How do emerging adults perceive the long-term impact of being bullied
both offline and online during childhood and/or adolescence?

29
Q

What method was used for the the study ‘Cyberbullying victimization’? (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)?

A
  • Biographic-narrative interpretive method (BNIM)
  • Exploration of life histories, lived situations & personal meanings
  • 1 prepared question: “Can you share your experience with offline and online bullying and how these experiences have impacted your life?”
30
Q

What were the two broad categories found regarding impact? - Cyberbullying victimization’? - (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A
  1. Perceived impact on social interacting today
  2. Perceived impact on personal characteristics
31
Q

Which results were found about the ‘Perceived impact on social interacting today’? - Cyberbullying victimization’? (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A
  • Avoiding past triggers/reasons for bullying
  • Sharing personal information
  • Coping with conflicts, aggression, and bullying
  • Friendships
32
Q

Which results were found about the ‘Perceived impact on personal characteristics’? - Cyberbullying victimization’? (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A
  • Self-esteem
  • Anxieties
  • Level of empathy
  • Resilience
33
Q

What are the most important points about the impact for victims? - (Pabian & Vandenbosch, 2019)

A
  1. Evidence for long-term outcomes of cyberbullying (in combination with offline victimization!)
  2. Impact on personal characteristics and social behavior
  3. Need for reattribution training?

Social Media: Risks & Opportunities (6 decks)

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