RLE: CASE PRES MIDTERM

Question 1

occurs when the parietal or visceral pleura is breached and the pleural space is exposed to positive atmospheric pressure

Answer 1

Pneumothorax

Question 2

the pressure in the pleural space is

Answer 2

negative or subatmospheric

Question 3

are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD

Answer 3

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 4

is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gasses and particulate matter.

Answer 4

Emphysema

Question 5

Types of pneumothorax include:

Answer 5

Simple
Traumatic
Tension

Question 6

It occurs when air enters the pleural space through a breach of either the parietal or visceral pleura. Most commonly this occurs as air enters the pleural space through bronchopleural fistula

Answer 6

Simple or spontaneous Pneumothorax

Question 7

Occurs when air escapes from a laceration in the lung itself and enters the pleural space or from a wound in the chest wall

Answer 7

Traumatic Pneumothorax

Question 8

Occurs when air is drawn into the pleural space from a lacerated lung or through a small opening or wound in the chest wall.

Answer 8

Tension Pneumothorax

Question 9

S/s of Pneumothorax

Answer 9

Shortness of breath due to inability to fully expand the lungs during inspiration.
Pleuritic pain of sudden onset
Acute respiratory distress
Absent breath sounds

Question 10

Nursing Management
of pneumthorax

Answer 10

Promote early detection through assessment and identification of high-risk population.
Assist in chest tube insertion; maintain chest drainage or water-seal.

Question 11

Medical management of pneumothorax depends on its cause and severity. The goal of treatment is to

Answer 11

to evacuate the air or blood from the pleural space.

Question 12

when an infection leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction. It is the most severe form of sepsis, a condition in which the body’s response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs.

Answer 12

Septic shock is a life-threatening medical condition

Question 13

This type of shock is caused by a decrease in blood volume, which can be due to hemorrhage, dehydration, or plasma loss

Answer 13

Hypovolemic shock:

Question 14

This type of shock is caused by a failure of the heart to pump blood effectively.

Answer 14

Cardiogenic shock:

Question 15

This type of shock is caused by a blockage in the blood vessels, such as a pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade.

Answer 15

Obstructive shock:

Question 16

This type of shock is caused by a problem with the blood vessels that causes them to dilate, which reduces blood pressure.

Answer 16

Distributive shock:

Question 17

This type of shock is caused by a severe infection, accompanied by hypotension

Answer 17

Septic shock

Question 18

his type of septic shock occurs within hours to days of the onset of infection. It is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 18

Early septic shock:

Question 19

This type of septic shock occurs days to weeks after the onset of infection. It is characterized by SIRS, hypotension, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

Answer 19

Late septic shock:

Question 20

In addition to these two main types, septic shock can also be classified according to its severity:

Answer 20

Mild
moderate
severe

Question 21

This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that responds to adequate fluid resuscitation

Answer 21

Mild septic shock

Question 22

This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation, but does respond to vasopressors

Answer 22

Moderate septic shock

Question 23

This type of septic shock is characterized by hypotension that does not respond to adequate fluid resuscitation or vasopressors.

Answer 23

Severe septic shock:

Question 24

Signs & Symptoms septic shock: TAO HOT

Answer 24

Tachypnea: Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute
Oliguria: Urine output less than 30 mL per hour
Altered mental status: Confusion, delirium, or coma

Hypotension: Blood pressure lower than 90/60 mmHg
Other signs and symptoms: Fever, chills, sweating, cold extremities,
Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute

Question 25

Septic shock can also cause organ dysfunction, which can lead to additional symptoms, such as:

LKL CC

Answer 25

Lung dysfunction: Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, respiratory failure
Kidney dysfunction: Decreased urine output, acute renal failure
Liver dysfunction: Jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy
Cardiac dysfunction: Heart failure, arrhythmias
Coagulopathy: Bleeding disorders

Question 26

Nursing Management of Septic shock

Answer 26

Nursing Management
Early assessment and recognition of septic shock
Prompt initiation of fluid resuscitation
Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Hemodynamic support with vasoactive medications
Ensuring adequate oxygenation and respiratory support
Implementing infection control measures
Providing nutritional support

Question 27

Medical Management
Septic shock FAVO

Answer 27

Fluid resuscitation
Antibiotics:
Vasoactive medications:
Other supportive measures:

Question 28

used in septic shock include norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine.

Answer 28

Vasoactive medications

Question 29

are administered as soon as possible to target the suspected or proven pathogen. Once the culture results and sensitivities

Answer 29

Antibiotics

Question 30

medical condition characterized by a simultaneous reduction in two essential components of the blood: red blood cells,white blood cells and platelets. Hematologically, it signifies a significant imbalance that can have far-reaching consequences on an individual’s health

Answer 30

Bicytopenia

Question 31

This condition can manifest in various ways, leading to anemia, which results from decreased red blood cells, and leukopenia, stemming from decreased white blood cells,

Answer 31

Bicytopenia

Question 32

a condition that occurs when the platelet count in your blood is too low. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. When you are injured, platelets stick together to form a plug to seal your wound.

Answer 32

Thrombocytopenia

Question 33

Types of bicytopenia: AAT

Answer 33

Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
Anemia and Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia

Question 34

This combination features a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anemia) and a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), which can lead to problems with blood clotting and bleeding. When both anemia and thrombocytopenia occur together in an individual, it is considered bicytopenia.

Answer 34

Anemia and Thrombocytopenia

Question 35

This type of bicytopenia involves a reduction in both red blood cells (anemia) and white blood cells (leukopenia). Anemia leads to a decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and paleness. Leukopenia lowers the body’s ability to fight infections, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses.

Answer 35

Anemia and Leukopenia

Question 36

In this type, the individual experiences a decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) along with a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia). Thrombocytopenia reduces the blood’s ability to clot properly, leading to a risk of bleeding or easy bruising, while leukopenia weakens the immune system’s defense against infections.

Answer 36

Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia

Question 37

Signs and Symptoms
of bicyto: FUPE

Answer 37

Frequent Infection
Unexplained Bruising
Petechiae
Enlarged Spleen

Question 38

Nursing Management
Bicytopenia

Answer 38

aimed at addressing the dual challenges of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as the underlying causes

Question 39

Medical Management
The medical management for patients with bicytopenia

BIHAT

Answer 39

Treatment of Underlying Cause
Blood Transfusions
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Antibiotics

Question 40

rare and serious blood disorder characterized by the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, leading to hemoglobinuria

Answer 40

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

Question 41

Medical management of PNH primarily involves addressing the underlying pathophysiology

Answer 41

eculizumab,
blood transfusions
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Question 42

Ampicillin computation

Answer 42

wt x 100 divided by 2 then Q/S = D

Question 43

Gentamicin formula

Answer 43

wt x 5 x 2 / stock dose

Question 44

Stock doses of Gentamicin

Answer 44

40, 80, 20 mg/ 2ml

Question 45

Stock doses of Amoxicicillin

Answer 45

1000 mg / 5 ml
500 mg / 3ml
200 mg / 2ml