Topic 7 - 9

Question 1

Stages of the lifespan - Prenatal

Answer 1

starts at conception, ends at birth
- sperm meets egg
- takes 38 weeks
- development of organs

Question 2

Stages of lifespan - infancy

Answer 2

starts at birth, ends at 2yrs old
- develop motor skills
- learn to walk
- develop language

Question 3

Stages of the lifespan - Childhood

Answer 3

starts at 2yrs old, ends at puberty (12yrs)
- social skills develop
- refining reading and writing skills
- develop long-term memory

Question 4

Stages of the lifespan - youth

Answer 4

starts at puberty (12yrs), ends at 18yrs old
- rapid growth (adolescent growth spurt)
- sexual maturity
- increased independence

Question 5

Stages of the lifespan - Early adulthood

Answer 5

starts at 18yrs old, ends at 40 yrs old
- physical peak c. 25-30
- career, marriage, kids become focus
- ^PIES change

Question 6

Stages of the lifespan - middle adulthood

Answer 6

starts 40yrs old, ends 65 yrs old
- empty-nest syndrome (kids leave)
- development of identity

Question 7

stages of the lifespan - late adulthood

Answer 7

starts 69yrs old, ends at death
- changes in lifestyle - financial security, retirement
- grief - friends dying
- reflection of life achievements

Question 8

PIES

Answer 8

P - physical development
I - intellectual development
E - emotional development
S - Social development

Question 9

Physical development

Answer 9

changes to the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills
- size - growth of bones, muscles, height
- complexity - changes to functioning of sex organs, bones hardening
- gross motor skills - large muscles (walking, running)
- fine motor skill - small muscles (writing, tie shoe laces)

Question 10

Intellectual development

Answer 10

the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thoughts, knowledge and memory
- knowledge & memory
- language
- memory
- creativity & imagination
- thought patterns & problem solving
- attention span

Question 11

Emotional development

Answer 11

relates to experiencing a full range of emotions and increasing comlexity relating to expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience
- experiencing a full range of emotions
- expression and communication of emotions
- building resilience
- developing self-concept

Question 12

Social development

Answer 12

the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
- behaviours
- social roles and expectations
- communication skills
- relationship skills

Question 13

perceptions

Answer 13

beliefs or opinions based on how things seem

Question 14

Generation gap

Answer 14

the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations

Question 15

factors that influence perception

Answer 15

• past experiences with people in the stage
• values and beliefs
• media
• public figures
• own experiences of being in stage
• other people’s opinions

Question 16

Perceptions of youth

Answer 16

• positive, ambitious, harworking
• narcissistic, lazy, lack maturity

Question 17

Perceptions of adulthood

Answer 17

• early adulthood - similar to youth, irresponsible
• middle adulthood - judgemental, lack of understanding, out of touch
• late adulthood - wise, experiences, backwards thinking

Question 18

Types of relationships

Answer 18

• family
• professional
• friendships
• teachers, coaches, metors
• online
• intimate

Question 19

Characteristics of a healthy relationship

Answer 19

• respect
• trust
• honesty
• loyalty
• empathy
• safety
• equality

Question 20

Types of abuse in unhealthy relationships

Answer 20

• physical - hitting, kicking, punching, biting
• sexual - unwanted touching & sexual activity
• emotional - repeated insults, put-downs, social isolation

Question 21

Authoritarian

Answer 21

a style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishment if rules are broken

Question 22

Authoritative

Answer 22

a style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation of rules

Question 23

Permissive

Answer 23

a style of parenting that is low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents

Question 24

Uninvolved

Answer 24

a parenting syle whereby parents show little interest in the their children’s lives

Question 25

Considerations when becoming a parent

Answer 25

• can a child’s needs be met?
• can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
• are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?

Question 26

Can a child’s needs be met

Answer 26

• Physical - food, safety, housing
• Social - socialisation
• Emotional - positive parenting
• Intellectual - communication

Question 27

Can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?

Answer 27

• provide opportunities for new experiences
• postivie parent-child relationship
• parents teach skills & behaviours

Question 28

Are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?

Answer 28

• change in diet for healthy pregnancy and healthy child
• make time for child
• financial priorities change

Question 29

Social support for parents

Answer 29

Practical support: money, babysitters, meal prep, info, transport, help with chores

helps cope with stress, be more resilient
Babysitting - parent able to work, financial recources

Question 30

Emotional support for parents

Answer 30

egs: sharing of experiences, encouragement, reassurance, sharing ideas & advice in non-judgemental way

able to provide for child, less stressed, make good decisions, model appropriate behaviour
Advice - see things more +vely - self esteem, resilience

Question 31

Federal recourses

Answer 31

Medicare:
- provides free/subsided treatment through the public healthcare system

• good for early detection of issues
• free assistance with birthing procedure
• increases accessiblity to access antenatal care

Question 32

State recourses

Answer 32

The Maternal and Child Health Service:
- free for Victorian children birth-school age
- maternity and child health centres
- do home visits for new parents

• help parenting, growth, development, promotion of h&w and safety, social support

Question 33

Local recourses

Answer 33

Create strategies and programs for h&w of children (recreational facilities, immunisation programs, daycare)
- where can grow, be active, connected & healthy

• promotes lifelong health
• supports h&w of families, friends & neighbours

Question 34

Germinal stage

Answer 34

0-2 weeks, starts at fertilisation, ends at implantation

• sperm and ovum join together to produce a zygote
• after 4 days zygote develops into morula
• cells in the morula keep duplicating & blastocyst is created, forming an inner & outer cell mass
• outer cell mass becomes the placenta
• when reaches the uterus, blastocyst implants onto endometrium - become known as embryo
• inner cell mass becomes embryo

Question 35

Conception/fertilisation

Answer 35

the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy

Question 36

Zygote

Answer 36

the cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm

Question 37

Morula

Answer 37

a solid ball of cells created from a zygote

Question 38

Blastocyst

Answer 38

thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass

Question 39

Placenta

Answer 39

an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste between mother and foetus

Question 40

Embryo

Answer 40

a cell mass from approximately the second to eighth week after fertilisation

Question 41

Endometrium

Answer 41

the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur

Question 42

Implantation

Answer 42

when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attatches itself to the endometrium

Question 43

Embryonic stage

Answer 43

3-8 weeks, starts at implantation and ends at 8th week

• characterised by cell differentiation
• most critical for development
• internal organs & systems start to develop - organogenesis
• ^ circulatory, stomach, kidney, lungs
• brain & spinal cord complete by end

Question 44

Cell differentiation

Answer 44

when cells take on specialised roles (heart cells, skin cells, bone cells)

Question 45

Organogenesis

Answer 45

the formation of organs

Question 46

Teratogen

Answer 46

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause effects in development (e.g. tobacco smoke, alcohol)
- especially influential during embryonic stage

Question 47

Foetal stage

Answer 47

9-38 weeks, starts at 9th week, ends at birth

• starts at 2g, ends at 3500g
• organs mature and function in early foetal stage
• by 14w placenta is fully developed & functional
• by 15w sex organs start taking shape
• lungs filled with amniotic fluid, not air
• 2nd half tooth buds form in gums
• senses become more sensitive

Question 48

Amniotic fluid

Answer 48

the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby

Question 49

Folate in pregnancy

Answer 49

• consumption beofre & during pregancy reduces risks of neural tube defects (CNS) - spina bifida most common
• walking difficulties
• reduces sensation in legs & feet
• deformities of spine
• urinary and faecall incontinence

Question 50

Alcohol in pregnancy

Answer 50

can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome

• fatial deformities
• learning difficulties
• risk of miscarriage
• premature birth risk
• undernourishment
• heart defects

Question 51

Smoking in pregnancy

Answer 51

mixes with oxygen so baby doesn’t get enough O2 and exposes foetus to toxins

• low birthweight
• miscarriage
• ectopic pregnancy
• prematurity
• complications of placenta
• birth defects
• respiratory conditions

Question 52

Antenatal care

Answer 52

medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
- identify risk factors
- provide medical intervention
- monitor h&w of mum and baby

• ensure normal foetal dev
• reduces rate of premature birth
• decrease risk of birth defects
• diagnose & treat complications early
• provide counseling & reassurance

Question 53

Physical development in infancy

Answer 53

Growth:
- 2nd fastest growth period
- height, brain size, build muscle, body proportions

Changes to systems:
- brain - nerve transmission
- teeth grow in
- bones fuse together
- sleep routine

Motor skills:
- reflexes
- crawling - 6months
- stand, walk - 1yr
- kick/throw large ball - 2yrs

Question 54

Intellectual development in infancy

Answer 54

Knowledge & memory:
- uses senses to learn - mouth
- recognises name, respond when called
- word-object association improves
- every new experience - learning

Language:
- baby noises - 3months
- basic words - 1yr
- 150-300 words - 2yrs

Thought patterns & problem-solving:
- no object permanence - 6months
- new toy & activities help dev complex thought & problem solving

Question 55

Emotional development in infancy

Answer 55

Experience range:
- emotional attachment to caregiver - safety, loved, build trust
- stranger anxiety - strongest b/w 9-18months

Proactive way to express emotions:
- anger, happiness - 8 months
- ^ tantrums later
- sensitive to approval - 1yr

Self-concept:
- realise that separate person from caregivers - 9months
- can sense how other feel about them
- self-confidence grows

Question 56

Social development in infancy

Answer 56

Relationships:
- family
- dependent totally on family
- ^learn social skills

Communication:
- smile - 6w
- recognise expressions - 6months

Behaviours
- play
- separation anxiety - 8months
- mimic behaviours (waving)