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Neuro Anatomy > Week 1 - External Features > Flashcards

Week 1 - External Features Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

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2
Q

Which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

Which 2 vesicles embryologically give rise to the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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5
Q

What are the cavities of the ventricular system which lie within the brainstem?

A

Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle

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6
Q

What is the groove which separates the pons from the medulla?

A

Pontomedullary junction

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

VI - abducent
VII - facial
VIII - vestibulocochlear

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8
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from medulla?

A

IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XII - accessory
XII - hypoglossal

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9
Q

What is the function of the olives on medulla?

A

Protrusion formed by underlying inferior olivary complex of nuclei
Relays fibres from brain and spinal cord to cerebellum

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10
Q

What is the function of the pyramids on the medulla?

A

Control conscious voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Cerebrum controlling muscles on oppisite side of body
Contains motor fibres of tracts

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12
Q

What are the open and closed parts of the medulla?

A

Open - superior and on dorsal surface, formed by 4th ventricle
Closed - inferior, where 4th ventricle is narrowed at obex in caudal medulla

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13
Q

What foramen does the medulla pass to become spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

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14
Q

What cranial nerve emerge from lateral aspect of mid-pons?

A

Trigeminal nerve - CNV

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15
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

Projection fibres

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16
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

Pons to cerebellum

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17
Q

What part of brain lies superior to midbrain?

A

Cerebrum

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18
Q

What lie inferior to the midbrain?

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

What does superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

Cerebellum and midbrain

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20
Q

What are the projections on midbrain called?

A

Superior and inferior cuniculi

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21
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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22
Q

Where does the diencephalon lie?

A

Between brainstem and cerebrum

23
Q

What projections of hypothalamus called which are visible on surface?

A

Internal capsule

24
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Part of diencephalon
Above superior cuniculi

25
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Releases melatonin in response to darkness which helps the body clock

26
Q

What is the midline structure connecting the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

27
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellar hemisphere?

A

Anterior, posterior and flucculo-nodular lobe
Also have the cerebellar tonsils

28
Q

What is the ventricular space anterior to cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

29
Q

What is cerebellar coning?

A

Sudden drop in intracranial pressure so cerebellar tonsils may herniate through this foramen

30
Q

What are the different lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, frontal and temporal

31
Q

What is the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

32
Q

What connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

33
Q

What fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus callosum?

A

Commissural fibres

34
Q

What fold of dura mater do the cerebral hemispheres sit on?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

35
Q

Describe the lateral sylvian fissure

A

Separates the frontal and temporal lobes of cerebrum

36
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

37
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus separate?

A

Separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior lobe

38
Q

Describe the cingulate sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobe
Is on medial surface of hemisphere

39
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

Precentral and post-central cortex

40
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal lobe

41
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

42
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

43
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

44
Q

What muscles overlie the bony parts of vertebrae?

A

Erector spinae

45
Q

What ligaments may be encountered when trying to reveal spinal canal?

A

Supraspinal, interspinal, ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament

46
Q

What vertebral level does spinal cord end?

A

L1-2 in adults
L3 in new born

47
Q

A what vertebral level does the dura mater and arachnoid mater end?

A

S2

48
Q

What happens to pia mater inferior to spinal cord?

A

Forms the filum terminale

49
Q

What vertebral level is lumbar puncture performed?

A

L3-4 in adults

50
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

51
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located?

A

Neurons found in cerebral cortex and brainstem

52
Q

Where are lower motor neurons located?

A

Neurons in spinal cord and brainstem

53
Q

What are upper motor neuron lesions characterised by?

A

Spasticity, increase in muscle tone, complex sensory syndromes

54
Q

What are lower motor neuron lesions characterised by?

A

Global sensory changes, flaccid paralysis depending on nature of mixed peripheral nerves

Neuro Anatomy (4 decks)

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