Muscular System

Question 1

what are muscles made of?

Answer 1

cells that can shorten or contract

Question 2

what does myo stand for?

Answer 2

refers to muscles

Question 3

What is myology?

Answer 3

The study of muscles

Question 4

What is myositis?

Answer 4

inflammation of muscle tissue

Question 5

What does sarco refer to?

Answer 5

Muscle cells

Question 6

What is sarcoplasm?

Answer 6

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Question 7

What are tendons?

Answer 7

dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to other body parts (usually bone), is poorly vascularized

Question 8

What is aponeurosis?

Answer 8

a broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue, similar in structure to tendons and serve the same function

Question 9

What is the retinaculum?

Answer 9

A band of fascia that stabilizes a tendon in place

Question 10

What is the bursa?

Answer 10

A fluid-filled sac or pouch that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues such as tendon and bone

Question 11

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 11

Like a bursa that wraps around a tendon and performs the same function

Question 12

What are motor units?

Answer 12

the physiological unit of muscle contraction

Question 13

Describe smooth muscle.

Answer 13

non-striated, involuntary; composed of small, spindle shaped cells that lack striation or bands and therefore appear “smooth”. Each cell has a centrally located nucleus.

Question 14

Where is smooth muscle located?

Answer 14

in the walls of hollow organs such as the esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, blood vessels, and bladder; also in skin attached to hair and in the iris of the eye

Question 15

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Answer 15

It moves food through the digestive tract, regulates the size of an organ, controls light entering the eye, moves fluid through vessels, and causes hair to stand erect

Question 16

Describe cardiac muscle.

Answer 16

Striated, involuntary; cells are cylindrical and branched with a single centrally located nucleus. Cells form an intricate network and are connected by intercalated disks (specialized type of gap junction)

Question 17

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 17

only in the heart

Question 18

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Answer 18

pumps blood through the vascular system

Question 19

Describe skeletal muscle.

Answer 19

Striated, voluntary; cells are striped, long, and cylindrical, each one with multiple eccentrically placed nuclei

Question 20

Where are skeletal muscles located?

Answer 20

Attached to bone and occasionally to skin, eyeballs, and upper part of the esophagus

Question 21

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

Answer 21

voluntary movement of body, including movement of the eyes and the initial part of swallowing. Produce skeletal muscle, maintain posture and body position, support and protect soft tissues, guard entrances and exits of digestive and urinary tracts, maintain body temperature

Question 22

What is the anatomy of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 22

Muscle tissue (skeletal muscle cells or fibers), connective tissue (dense), nerves, blood vessels, adipose tissue (marbling)

Question 23

What are the three layers of connective tissue?

Answer 23

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Question 24

Where is the epimysium?

Answer 24

surrounds the entire muscle

Question 25

Where is the perimysium

Answer 25

divides the entire skeletal muscle into a series of compartments (fascicle)

Question 26

Where is the endomysium?

Answer 26

Surrounds the individual skeletal muscle fibers and interconnects adjacent muscle fibers

Question 27

What do the three layers of connective tissue make?

Answer 27

The collagen fibers in the three layers come together to form a bundle (tendon) or a broad sheet (aponeurosis)

Question 28

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 28

Motor nerves synapse on muscle fibers, a motor unit is the nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 29

What results in atrophy?

Answer 29

lack of nervous supply (without nutrition)

Question 30

What is electromyography?

Answer 30

recordings (and timing) of electrical activity during muscle contraction to an electric stimulus

Question 31

What are the muscles of the vertebral column?

Answer 31

epaxial muscles and hypaxial muscles

Question 32

What are epaxial muscles?

Answer 32

extensors of the vertebral column

Question 33

What are hypaxial muscles?

Answer 33

flexors of the neck

Question 34

What are the muscles of the thoracic wall?

Answer 34

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 35

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

Answer 35

external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus

Question 36

What are the two muscles of the neck that outline the jugular groove?

Answer 36

sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus

Question 37

Where is the sternocephalicus?

Answer 37

on the ventral border of the jugular groove

Question 38

Where is the brachiocephalicus?

Answer 38

On the dorsal border of the jugular groove

Question 39

What is an exception to the jugular groove muscles?

Answer 39

llama, their cranial neck skin is thick and the jugular is covered by muscle. This is called a blink stick

Question 40

What are the regions of the muscles of the forelimb?

Answer 40

shoulder, brachium, antebrachium, manus

Question 41

What is the thoracic girdle?

Answer 41

muscles joining the forelimb to the trunk

Question 42

What are the regions of the hindlimb?

Answer 42

hips, thigh, crus, pes