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REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

what bone in the skull is the ear associated with

A

petrous temporal bone

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2
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

external, middle and internal

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3
Q

what do the middle and external ear do

A

transfer sound to the internal ear

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4
Q

what separates the external and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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5
Q

what does the pharyngotympanic tube join

A

middle ear to nasopharynx

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6
Q

what is the auricle made of

A

elastic cartilage

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7
Q

what is the main function of the auricle

A

support the ear, catch and funnel sound to external acoustic meatus

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8
Q

what are the main parts of the auricle

A

helix, lobule, tragus, concha

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9
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the auricle

A

great auricular (for medial surface, back of ear) and auriculotemporal (for anterior ear, tragus)

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10
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus made of

A

cartilage and bone

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11
Q

what epithelium is in the external acoustic meatus and what does it contain

A

stratified squamous
hair follicles, glands, ceruminous glands secreting ear war, blood vessels, nerves

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12
Q

how is the tympanic membrane held within the temporal bone

A

by a fibrocartilaginous ring

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13
Q

what is the tympanic membrane covered in

A

skin externally and mucous membranes internally

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14
Q

why does the tympanic membrane move

A

in response to air vibrations passed to it through the EAM

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15
Q

once the tympanic membrane moves, where does this movement go to

A

transmitted by ossicles through middle ear and to the internal ear

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16
Q

how can the tympanic membrane be examined

A

by an otoscope

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17
Q

what does the cone of light mean when it is seen on an otoscope

A

that the tympanic membrane is healthy and there is no fluid accumulation

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18
Q

what is the middle ear called

A

tympanic cavity

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19
Q

what does the middle ear contain

A

ossicles and muscles, pharyngotympanic tube

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20
Q

what are the ossicles

A

malleus, incus and stapes

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21
Q

what are the 2 muscles in the middle ear

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

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22
Q

what attaches to the tympanic membrane

A

handle of malleus

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23
Q

what attaches to the oval window

A

base of stapes

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24
Q

what do the ossicles do with sound

A

increase the force and decrease the amplitude

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25
Q

why do the ossicles increase force and decrease amplitude of sound

A

because the inner ear is fluid filled and it needs to change the sound to match the fluid waves

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26
Q

what do the small muscles in the middle ear do

A

dampen/resist movement of ossicles and have protective function over the ear and tympanic membrane

27
Q

where does the tensor tympani insert into

A

handle of malleus

28
Q

what does the tensor tympani do

A

pulls handle of malleus medially which tenses the tympanic membrane reducing the amplitude of oscillations (prevent damage)

29
Q

what does the stapedius do

A

pulls stapes posteriorly reducing range of oscillations and excessive movement of stapes

30
Q

what is the stapedius innervated by

A

nerve to stapedius

31
Q

what is the tensor tympani innervated by

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

32
Q

what is the pharyngotympanic tube made of

A

initially bone and then cartilages

33
Q

what is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube

A

pressure equalisation between middle ear and atmospheric pressure and replenishes air of middle ear

34
Q

what can occur as a result of the pharyngotympanic tube

A

middle ear infections

35
Q

what nerves enter the internal acoustic meatus

A

facial nerve and vestibulocochlear

36
Q

what is the course of the facial nerve

A

internal acoustic meatus - facial canal (greater petrosal given off) - chorda tympani and nerve to stapedius given off

37
Q

what blood vessels run close to the middle ear

A

ICA and IJV

38
Q

the roof of the ear is very thin between middle cranial fossa and ear, what does this mean

A

infection spread to cranial cavity
severe infection erodes the bone towards vascular and can affect ICA and IJV meaning systemic spread of infection

39
Q

what are middle ear infections called

A

otitis media

40
Q

what can chronic infection in the middle ear cause

A

damage to the ossicles - conductive deafness
infection spread to mastoid cells (mastoiditis)

41
Q

how is mastoiditis treated and what do you need to be aware of

A

antibiotics but mainly surgery so be aware of facial nerve

42
Q

how is the ear connected to the mastoid

A

through mastoid antrum

43
Q

what is conductive hearing loss

A

condition of sound production through ossicles causing deafness

44
Q

what is otitis media with effusion

A

build up of fluid behind tympanic membrane which restricts movement of ossicles

45
Q

how do you fix otitis media

A

grommets

46
Q

what is contained in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

A

vestibule, cochlea, semi-circular canals

47
Q

what fluid does the bony labyrinth contain

A

perilymph

48
Q

what is the structure of the inner ear

A

bony labyrinth containing membranous labyrinth

49
Q

what fluid does the membranous labyrinth of inner ear contain

A

endolymph

50
Q

what does endolymph do

A

stimulate organs for balance and hearing

51
Q

what bone contains the inner ear

A

otic capsule

52
Q

what is the function of the cochlea

A

hearing

53
Q

what is the function of the vestibule

A

balance

54
Q

what is the function of the semi-circular canals

A

balance (communicate with vestibule)

55
Q

what signal does the vestibulocochlear nerve convey

A

motion and hearing

56
Q

where does CNVIII divide

A

lateral end of internal acoustic meatus

57
Q

what are the 2 divisions of CNVIII

A

vestibular and cochlear

58
Q

what does the cochlear nerve supply

A

cochlea

59
Q

what does the vestibular nerve supply

A

semi-circular canals, saccule and utricle (vestibule)

60
Q

what can damage to the cochlear nerve result in

A

hearing loss (either neural or conductive)

61
Q

what does the cochlear nerve do

A

receptor of auditory stimuli

62
Q

what does the vestibular nerve do

A

balance and equilibrium

63
Q

what can damage to the vestibular nerve do

A

ataxia, vertigo and nausea

REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy (25 decks)

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