executive

Question 1

enumerated powers of the president

Answer 1

pardons (obama pardoned 212)
act as commander n chief
veto legislation (trump vetoed in 2020 a bill that would terminate action between Iran)

Question 2

implied powers

Answer 2

executive orders (Trump used to open a contraversial/ environmentally damaging pipeline which Obama blocked)

prosecturoial discretion
(power to determine when to enforce law, Obama used for immigration policy argued it was in his power when to deport 11m people, bush after 9/11 detaining terrorist suspects excersing powers as chief exec)

signing statements
(when signing a bill they may release a statement giving their own opinion/interpretation of the law)

Question 3

limitations on executive power

Answer 3

judicial checks
(sc can declare acts unconstitutional)

congressional checks
(override veto ( only 1/12 of obama vetoes were overriden, power of purse, impeachment)

lame duck
(Obama had 32% of house support in 2011 then only 21% in 2013)

Question 4

roles of the VP

Answer 4

president of the senate
cast the deciding vote
Obama used buses advice for the new START Treaty 2010

Question 5

how can congress limit power of the president

Answer 5

amend and delay legislative proposals
veto override
check commander in chief
refuse treaties
impeachments

Question 6

SC limit power of president

Answer 6

declare acts of presidents unconstitutional

Question 7

frequency of cabinet meetings

Answer 7

Reagan held 36 in his first term, 21 in second and only 12 in third and fourth year

Question 8

functions of cabinet meetings for the president

Answer 8

engender team spirt
appear open and consultive
debate policy
check legislation going through congress

Question 9

functions of cabinet meetings for cabinet officers

Answer 9

resolve interdepartmental disputes
catch the president to raise issues
increase position

Question 10

sources of presidential power - constitution

Answer 10

powers detailed in the constitution article II e.g. power to propose legislation

e.g the president is commander in chied of the armed forces given by article II section II
power used by Bush when he led USA during afghanistan and iraq wars

Question 11

sources of power - congress

Answer 11

delegated powers e.g. the power to determine detailed regulations for congress’ laws

e.g. congress has delegated the power to impose trade tariffs against a country engaged in unfair trade practices 2018 trump imposed tarriffs on steal goods from china

Question 12

sources of power - implicit authority from the constiution or congress

Answer 12

implied powers - president can claim the action he is ttaking is consistent with the constition e.g. emergency powers used by Roosevelt to force Japanese-Americans into internet camps during the second world war

Question 13

informal powers

Answer 13

pursuasion through : office of legislative affairs, VP, congress
world leader - ronald raegen leading the western powers in the cold war, obama in 2015 Paris Agreement on CC

direct authority and stretching of implied powers - executive orders (roosevelt issued 3700 during cold war)
obama frustrated with congress resistance to his agenda so used as an alternative to legislation (later criticised by Trump)

Question 14

formal powers (10)

Answer 14

propose legislation
submit annual budget
sign legislation
commander in chief
chief executive
veto legislation+
nominate executive branch officials
nominate federal judges
negotiate treaies
pardon power
executive orders

Question 15

formal powers - propose legislation

Answer 15

outlines plan for the coming ear yo a join session of congress in a speech
televised live - publicity and awareness and puts pressure from the puiblic onto congress to vote with the will of the people

Question 16

formal powers - commander in chief

Answer 16

runs the military and asks the congress to authorise his use
constitution gives congress the power to declare war - not happened since 1941
congress has power of purse (control money for a war)not often used

Question 17

formal powers - nominations to executive branch and judiciary

Answer 17

nominations to cabinet must be confirmed by the senate by a simple majority vote
nominates federal judges when vacancies arise

Question 18

limits on president - refusing to confirm presidential appointments

Answer 18

very signifcant regarding high profile appointments
e.g. 2016 - republicans controlled senate and refused obamas appointment of Garland thus preventing a democrat dominated SC

Question 19

limits of president - power of the purse

Answer 19

powerful check on executive - can limit them passing annual budget
congress can extract key concessions in return for passing his budget
if congress refuse, it can force a government shutdown, putting pressure on president to agree to its demands

Question 20

limits on president - impeachment and trial

Answer 20

ultimately can lead to the removal of the president from office
even if acquitted (e.g. Clinton 1998) the process generates huge media attention and public scrutiny

Question 21

political circumstances

Answer 21

dictate how constrained a president is
2009-2010 Obama was able to pass legislation with ease as the democrats controlled both houses of congress. this later changed in the 2010s when republicans won the majority

Question 22

cabinet members

Answer 22

policy specialists which usually giove advice on their departments
the president does not have too take this advice as the constitution gives him sole executive authority
“the executive power shall be vested in a president”

Question 23

cabinet meeting frequency

Answer 23

meet a few times a year
avg 3.5 times a year under obama
avg 6 under bush

Question 24

ragen v obama cabinet relationship

Answer 24

had many more meetings than most - valued their advice - 36 meetings in first year
obama rarely met with cabinet, using the time more to brief members on a significant event or policy launch

Question 25

functions of cabinet meetings fro president

Answer 25

engdender team spirit
appear open and consultive - important post Nixon who lacked openess
info giving and gathering
debate policy - raegans defence sec carlucci stated cabinet meetings were vigorous such as the one on building the russian oil pipeline
check on legislation going through congress

Question 26

functions of meetings for cabinet members

Answer 26

resolve departmental disputes
influence the president
increase position/ status

Question 27

EXOP

Answer 27

set up by Roosevelt as the fed govt grew during the Great Depression in the 1930s

agencies include White House Office, national security council, OMB and office of the VP
about 3000- staff

Question 28

NSC key facts

Answer 28

chaired by the president
coordinates national security and foreign policy
obama worked very closely allowing him considerable influence and authority unlike trump whos first chief of staff resigned
trumps frequent sacking of staff led to chaos

Question 29

federal bureaucracy

Answer 29

cabinet officeers head the various govt departmnets that make up the FB
democrats usually aim top increase the scope of the FB
republicanas tend to reduce its size

e.g. feb 2018 Trump announced plans to abolish 22 govt agencies

Question 30

imperial executive causes

Answer 30

exec office appointments are not subject to confirmation of the senate
possessing huge power over foreign policy
presidents are only accountable under impeachment and election

Question 31

imperial president example

Answer 31

nixon administration
Watergate scandal
failures of the Vietnam war

Question 32

criticism of imperial theory

Answer 32

exec office is much smaller than fed bureacracy
no institutional continuity as members of exec office change with the president
huge new exec control since Nixon e.g congress budget office and govt accountability office

Question 33

imperilled executive example

Answer 33

ford administration

Question 34

ford administration features

Answer 34

reinstated separation of powers
inability to control the federal bureaucracy