Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed.

Answer 1

enuresis

Question 2

Physical skills that involve the large
muscles.

Answer 2

gross motor skills

Question 2

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental
representations (words, numbers, or
images) to which a child has attached
meaning.

Answer 2

symbolic function

Question 2

Increasingly complex combinations of
skills, which permit a wider or more
precise range of movement and more
control of the environment.

Answer 2

systems of action

Question 3

Preference for using a particular hand

Answer 3

handedness

Question 3

In Piaget’s theory, the second major
stage of cognitive development, in
which symbolic thought expands but
children cannot yet use logic.

Answer 3

preoperational stage

Question 3

pretend play
Play involving imaginary people and
situations; also called fantasy play,
dramatic play, or imaginative play.

Answer 3

pretend play

Question 3

Physical skills that involve the small
muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 3

fi ne motor skills

Question 4

Tendency to attribute life to objects that
are not alive.

Answer 4

animism

Question 4

Piaget’s term for a preoperational
child’s tendency to mentally link partic-
ular phenomena, whether or not there
is logically a causal relationship

Answer 4

transduction

Question 5

In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of
preoperational children to focus on one
aspect of a situation and neglect others.

Answer 5

centration

Question 6

In Piaget’s terminology, to think simulta-
neously about several aspects of a
situation.

Answer 6

decenter

Question 6

Piaget’s term for inability to consider
another person’s point of view; a char-
acteristic of young children’s thought.

Answer 6

egocentrism

Question 7

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s
failure to understand that an operation
can go in two or more directions.

Answer 7

irreversibility

Question 7

Awareness and understanding of
mental processes.

Answer 7

theory of mind

Question 7

Piaget’s term for awareness that two
objects that are equal according to a
certain measure remain equal in the
face of perceptual alteration so long as
nothing has been added to or taken
away from either object.

Answer 7

conservation

Question 8

Retention of information in memory for
future use.

Answer 8

storage

Question 8

Process by which information is
prepared for long-term storage and
later retrieval.

Answer 8

encoding

Question 9

Process by which information is
accessed or recalled from memory
storage.

Answer 9

retrieval

Question 10

Initial, brief, temporary storage
of sensory information.

Answer 10

sensory memory

Question 11

Short-term storage of information being
actively processed.

Answer 11

working memory

Question 11

In Baddeley’s model, element of
working memory that controls the
processing of information.

Answer 11

central executive

Question 11

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity
that holds information for long periods.

Answer 11

long-term memory

Question 12

Conscious control of thoughts,
emotions, and actions to accomplish
goals or solve problems.

Answer 12

executive function

Question 13

Ability to reproduce material from
memory.

Answer 13

recall

Question 14

Ability to identify a previously encoun-
tered stimulus.

Answer 14

recognition

Question 15

Memory that produces scripts of familiar
routines to guide behavior.

Answer 15

generic memory

Question 16

General remembered outline of a
familiar, repeated event, used to guide
behavior.

Answer 16

script

Question 17

Long-term memory of specifi c
experiences or events, linked to time
and place.

Answer 17

episodic memory

Question 18

Model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural
theory, that proposes children construct
autobiographical memories through
conversation with adults about shared
events.

Answer 18

social interaction model

Question 18

Memory of specifi c events in one’s life.

Answer 18

autobiographical memory

Question 19

Individual intelligence tests for ages
2 and up used to measure fl uid
reasoning, knowledge, quantitative
reasoning, visual-spatial processing,
and working memory.

Answer 19

Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 20

Individual intelligence test for children
ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and
performance scores as well as a
combined score.

Answer 20

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale
of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)

Question 21

Vygotsky’s term for the diff erence
between what a child can do alone and
what the child can do with help.

Answer 21

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 21

Temporary support to help a child
master a task.

Answer 21

scaff olding

Question 21

Process by which a child absorbs the
meaning of a new word after hearing it
once or twice in conversation.

Answer 21

fast mapping

Question 22

Speech intended to be understood
by a listener.

Answer 22

social speech

Question 22

The practical knowledge needed to use
language for communicative purposes.

Answer 22

pragmatics

Question 23

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent
to communicate with others.

Answer 23

private speech

Question 23

Preschoolers’ development of skills,
knowledge, and attitudes that underlie
reading and writing.

Answer 23

emergent literacy