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neuro final > 25/26 > Flashcards

25/26 Flashcards

1
Q

collection of subcortical nuclei that function together to modify the output of the cerebral cortex; involved in motor initiation, planning, & control

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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2
Q

Componenets of what?

◦ caudate nucleus
◦ putamen
◦ nucleus accumbens
◦ globus pallidus

subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra (

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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3
Q

globus pallidus + putamen =

A

LENTICULAR/Lentiform Nucleus

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4
Q

= caudate nucleus + putamen + nucleus accumbens

A

STRIATUM

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5
Q

what is the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

STRIATUM

caudate nucleus + putamen + nucleus accumbens

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6
Q

the output nuclei for basal ganglia includes:

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Substantia Nigra

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7
Q

the basal ganglia projects to what lobe

A

FRONTAL LOBE

most directly involved in planning and initiating movements

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8
Q

the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA is divided into 2 parts:

A

Pars Compacta
Pars Reticularis

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9
Q

part of substantia nigra

pigmented cells that produce dopamine; degenerate in Parkinson’s

A

PARS COMPACTA

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10
Q

part of substantia nigra

acts like a displaced piece of the globus pallidus, receives input from the striatum & projects to the thalamus

A

Pars Reticularis

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11
Q

the overall effect of the basal ganglia is to do what to the activity in the thalamus?

which in turn changes the activity and output of the cerebral cortex

A

INHIBIT activity in the thalamus

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12
Q

does the basal ganglia have direct outputs to LMNs

A

NO
can only influence muscle contraction INDIRECTLY through cerebral cortex and pyramidal system of UMNs

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13
Q

since most of descending corticospinal fibers of the pyramidal system decussate, dysfunction of the basal ganglia on one side results in abnormal motor activity on which side of the body?

A

CONTRALATERAL

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14
Q

Hallmark of basal ganglia disorder =

A

appearance of abnormal involuntary movements = DYSKINESIAS

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15
Q

DYSKINESIAS

dancelike movements

A

CHOREA

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16
Q

dyskinesias

recurrent, sinuous, writhing, or worm like movements

A

ATHETOSIS

17
Q

dyskinesias

involuntary sustained muscle contractions that lead to abnormal positions and postures

A

DYSTONIA

Task specific - writers cramp
Blepharospasm - constant blinking
torticol

18
Q

is there WEAKNESS associated with basal ganglia damage

A

NO bc LMN and UMN are not directly affected

19
Q

ETIOLOGY

Degeneration in the Substantia nigra pars compacta

A

PARKINSONS – no longer activate direct pathway

20
Q

Hallmark Symptoms of PARKINSONS

TRAP

A

TREMOR
RIGIDITY
AKINESIA or bradykinesa
Postural Instability

21
Q

The first motor sign of PARKINSONS appear when pigmented dopamingergic neurons degenerate in what?

A

Pars Compacta of the Substantia Nigra

22
Q

The degenerating neurons accumulate what in PARKINSONS?

A

Lewy Bodies

23
Q

synthetic heroin containing MPTP can cause

A

MPTP induced parkinsonism

MPTP –> MPP in astocytes = towic breakdown product

24
Q

Repetitive head trauma can cause what type of parkinsons

A

PUGLISITIC

25
Q

Inclusion bodies in both Parkinsons and Lewy Body dementia are made of

A

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN

26
Q

Parkinson symptoms PLUS visual hallucinations and REM sleep dysfunctions

A

Lewy Body Dementia

27
Q

Acidophilic Inclusions
Alpha Synuclein Polymers

A

Lewy Bodies

28
Q

Parkinson Symotoms PLUS ophthalmoplegia (vertical gaze palsy), frequent falls backwards, diplopia

A

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

29
Q

Many parkinson patients develop CHOREA as a side effect of what drug

A

L-dopa

30
Q

Autosomal dominant disease appears at 30-50 y/o
The neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex degenerate

CHOREA IN ALL 4 LIMBS

A

HUNTINGTONS

31
Q

In HUNTINGTONS CHOREA, what happens to the ventricles and caudate, putamen, cerebral cortex

A

ENLARGED Ventricles
SHRUNKEN CAUDATE, PUTAMEN, CEREBRAL CORTEX

32
Q

HEMIBALLISM = violent flinging of a limb
Classically caused by lesions where

A

SUBTHALAMUS

posterior cerebral artery

33
Q

autosomal recessive disease caused by a disorder of copper metabolism

WING BEATING TREMOR

A

WILSONS Disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

34
Q
A

neuro final (6 decks)

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