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anatomy - physio > back & anterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

back & anterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A
  • the posterior layer
  • middle layer
  • anterior layer
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2
Q

describe the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • covers the erector spinae
  • extends up to the lower neck
  • reinforced by the latissimus dorsi
  • medially attached to the spinous processes of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae
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3
Q

what are the functions of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A
  • involved in mvt and load transfer between the trunk and limbs
  • houses several deep muscles of the back
  • contains a number of nociceptors which may be responsible for some back pain
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4
Q

describe the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • middle layer is attacged medially to the tips of the transverse processes and laterally to the iliac crest & 12th rib
  • lies between the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae
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5
Q

Describe the** anterior layer **of the thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • this layer is attached to the lumbar transverse processes and iliocolumbar ligament
  • extends from iliac crest to rib 12
  • lies anterior to quadratus lumborum muscles and seperates it from the psoas major muscle
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6
Q

what are the 3 groups of muscles in the back?

A
  • superficial group - associated with mvts of the shoulder
  • intermediate group- associated with mvts of the thoracic cage
  • deep group- associated with mvts of the vertebral column
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7
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the back?

A
  • trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • rhomboids
  • levator scapulae
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8
Q

what are the intermediate back muscles?

A
  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus posterior inferior
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9
Q

what nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)

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10
Q

what nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

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11
Q

what nerve innervates the rhomboids and the levator scapulae?

A
  • dorsal scapular nerve - branch off c5
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12
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the back responsible for?

A
  • posture and control of the spinal column
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13
Q

how are the deep muscles of the back divided?

A

3 groups
1. splenius muscles (superfical - 2muscles)
2. erector spinae (intermediate - 3 muscles)
3. transversospinal muscles (deep - 3 muscles)

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14
Q

what are the 2 deep back muscles in the splenius group?

A
  • splenius cervicis
  • splenius capitus
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15
Q

Describe the origin and the insertion of the splenius capitus muscle?

A

O: spinous processes of C7-T3 & the lower half of the nuchal ligament
I: inserts onto the mastoid process and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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16
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the splenius cervicis muscle?

A

o: spinous processes of vertebrae T3-T6
I: inserts onto the transverse processes of C1-C4

17
Q

what are the 3 erector spinae muscles (intermediate group of the deep muscles of the back)?

A
  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalis
18
Q

what are the actions of the erector spinae?

A
  • extends the head and part of all of the vertebral column
  • laterally flexes the head
  • longissimus rotates the head
  • straightends the flexed spine
19
Q

what is the deep deep layer of the muscles of the back also called?

A

also called the transversospinalis group

20
Q

what groups of muscles are in the deep deep group of muscles in the back / the transversospinalis group?

A
  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
21
Q

Describe the semispinalis group of the deep deep group of the back

A
  • most superficial
  • attaches onto the occipital bone of the skull and runs through the thoracic and cervical regions of the spinal column
22
Q

what are the 3 muscles in the semispinalis (deep deep muscle group of the back)?

A
  • semispinalis thoracis
  • semispinalis cervicis
  • semispinalis capitus
23
Q

which layer does the multifudus muscle of the back belong to?

A

the intermediate layer of the deep muscle group

24
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the multifidus group?

A
  • O: sacral, lumbar , thoracic and cervical vertebrae (transverse processes)
  • I: tips of the spinous processes
25
Q

what are the actions of the multifidus muscles?

A
  • contracting bilaterally they extend trunk and stabilise the spine
  • unilaterally - they laterally flex & rotate the spine
26
Q

which layer of the deep muscle group do they rotatores belong to?

A

the deep layer

27
Q

where do the rotatores muscles run from?

A
  • runs from the transverse process to the base of the spinous process of the vertebra above
28
Q

what are the 4 suboccipital muscles?

A
  • rectus capitus posterior major
  • rectus capitus posterior minor
  • obliquus capitus superior
  • obliquss caputus inferior
29
Q

what are the layers of the anterior abdominwal wall?

from superficial to deep

A
  • skin
  • superficial fascia
  • muscles
  • transversalis fascia
  • extraperitoneal fascia
  • peritoneum
30
Q

what are the functions of the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • protection of internal organs
  • stabilisation and rotation of the trunk
  • an increase in intra-abdominal pressure is involved in coughing, defecation & vomiting
31
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the external oblique muscles?

A
  • O: lower 8 ribs
  • I: iliac crest, pubic tubercle and linea alba
32
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

a thin line of connective tissue that runs down the centre of your abdomen

33
Q

where does the internal oblique muscle originate and insert onto?

A
  • O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament
  • I: costal margin, linea alba and pubis bone
34
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the transversus abdominis muscles?

A
  • O: lower 6 costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament
  • I: linea alba and pubis bone
35
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the rectus abdominis muscle?

the ‘six pack’

A
  • O: pubic crest and symphysis
  • i: ribs 5-7
36
Q

what is the mmemonic to remember the abdominal muscles?

A

TIRE
* transversus abdominis
* inferior oblique
* rectus abdominus
* external oblique

anatomy - physio (17 decks)

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