intro to MSK system

Question 1

what are the main functions of bone?

Answer 1

• structural support & protection
  -levers for movement
• blood cell formation
  -storage reservoir for Ca2+

Question 2

what are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 2

1. compact
2. cancellous - ie spongy

Question 3

what shapes is bone classified by?

Answer 3

-long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid

Question 4

what are the main parts of long bone?

Answer 4

• diaphysis - the main part of the bone that runs from proximal to distal ends
  -Epiphysis - terminal end of long bone
  -periosteum- membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around bone
  -medullary cavity- hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

Question 5

in terms of movement, what are the roles of joints, ligaments and muscles?

Answer 5

• joints allow movement
  -muscles create movements
• ligaments / joint capsule limits movement

Question 6

compare the diaphysis vs the epiphysis

Answer 6

• epiphysis - the end part of a long bone
• diaphysis - shaft or central part of lone bone

Question 7

what are fibrous joints?

Answer 7

the joints in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue
IMMOVABLE JOINTS- they don’t allow movement

Question 8

what are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 8

joints in which the adjacent bones are joined by cartilage

Question 9

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 9

• primary - where 2 bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
• secondary - 2 bones are joined by fibrocartilage in the form of a disc

Question 10

what are synovial joints?

Answer 10

• they are freely moveable joints
• articulating bones are united by capsule outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane layer

Question 11

what is an example of a primary and also a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 11

• primary - first rib joined to manubrium by hyaline cartilage
• secondary - pubic symphysis in pelvis

Question 12

what are the different types of synovial joints?

Answer 12

• ball and socket joint
  -hinge joint
  -pivot joint
  -pivot joint
  -gliding joint

Question 13

Describe ball and socket joints

Answer 13

• allow the greatest range of movement - ie movement within 3 planes
  -convex surface fits into concave shape

Question 14

what are 2 examples of ball and socket joints?

Answer 14

-shoulder
-hip

Question 15

Describe the hinge joint

Answer 15

• allows movement around 1 axes, in one plane
• one surface of the bone is spool like and the other surface of the other bone is concave

Question 16

what is an example of a hinge joint?

Answer 16

the elbow

Question 17

Describe the pivot joint

Answer 17

• allows movement around 1 axes/ in 1 plane
  -surface is shaped like a ring and the other surface is shaped so that** it can rotate within the ring**

Question 18

what is an example of a pivot joint?

Answer 18

atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Question 19

Describe a saddle joint

Answer 19

• allows movement around 2 axes/ within 2 planes
  -bones have convexity and concavity to its surface
• the convexity of the bone fits into the concavity of the other bone

Question 20

what is an example of a saddle joint?

Answer 20

the sternoclavicular joint

Question 21

describe the condyloid joint

Answer 21

-allows movement around 2 axes/ within 2 planes
- one bone is concave and the other is convex

Question 22

Describe a plane/gliding joint

Answer 22

-allows movement to occur within a plane but does not occur around an axis
- surfaces of the bone are usually flat

Question 23

what is an example of a plane/gliding joint?

Answer 23

the carpal bones of the wrist

Question 24

what are the 3 major functions of the muscular system?

Answer 24

• producing movement
  -heat production
  -maintaining posture

Question 25

what are the 3 ways that a muscle can attach to a bone?

Answer 25

1- directly 2- via a tendon 3- via an aponeurosis (flat tendon)

Question 26

what is an aponeurosis?

Answer 26

a sheath of fibrous tissue

Question 27

what is a tendon?

Answer 27

inelastic bundle of collagen fibres

Question 28

what is the origin in terms of muscle attachment?

Answer 28

the more proximal end of the muscle attachment (ie closer to the trunk)

Question 29

what is the insertion end of the muscle attachment?

Answer 29

the more distal attachment (further away from the trunk)

Question 30

what is an agonist in terms of muscle movement?

Answer 30

the prime mover- the muscle primarily responsible for a given movement

Question 31

what is an antagonist in terms of muscle movement?

Answer 31

- the muscles that perform the opposite actions to the agonist - they are crtical for proper posture & controlling and finishing movements

Question 32

what are the antagonist movers important for?

Answer 32

-critical for proper posture -controlling and finishing movements

Question 33

what are the synergists in terms of muscle movements?

Answer 33

-the synergists assist the agonist in creating movement

Question 34

what are stabilisers or fixators in terms of muscle movement?

Answer 34

-they hold 1 segment still so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur

Question 35

what is an isometric contraction?

Answer 35

-static contraction of the muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint

Question 36

what is an example of an isometric contraction?

Answer 36

- doing a bicep curl, but holding the dumbbell in a constant / static position rather than actively raising or lowering it

Question 37

what is a concentric contraction & give an example?

Answer 37

in a concentric contraction, the force that the muscle is producing (tension) rises to meet the resistance (load), then remains stable as the muscle shortens - example: bicep curl

Question 38

what is an eccentric contraction?

Answer 38

-the muscle lengthens as the resistance become greater than the force that the muscle is producing

Question 39

what are examples of eccentric contraction?

Answer 39

- lowering the barbell back to the ground after a deadlift -lowering your torso back down to the ground after a sit up

Question 40

what is the full range of muscle work?

Answer 40

the shortest to the longest possible length

Question 41

what is the outer range of muscle work?

Answer 41

it is between the longest length and midway point of range

Question 42

what is the inner range of muscle work?

Answer 42

between the shortest length and midway point of range

Question 43

what important protein is important in the structure of a tendon?

Answer 43

type 1 collagen

Question 44

what is the function of type 1 collagen in a tendon?

Answer 44

it transmit forces from muscle to bone

Question 45

do tendons contract?

Answer 45

no - part of the contractile unit, but it is a distinct tissue from muscle

Question 46

do tendons contain elastic fibres?

Answer 46

no

Question 47

what is the function of a ligament?

Answer 47

-attaches bone to bone -provides passive stability to a joint - ie it limits too much movement

Question 48

what does the ligament structure contain?

Answer 48

-collagen - 70-8-% - elastic fibres

Question 49

Describe the 2 layers of a joint capsule

Answer 49

- outer fibrous layer - flexible, inelastic and supported by ligaments -inner synovial layer - synovial membrane

Question 50

what is the synovium?

Answer 50

- specialised connective tissue membrane that lines the inner surface of synovial joint capsules

Question 51

what are bursae?

Answer 51

small fluid filled sac between bones and tendons

Question 52

what is the function of bursae?

Answer 52

- lubricating device - therefore reduces friction

Question 52

what is the function of the fat pads in a synovial joint?

Answer 52

* they serve as a cushion between the bones