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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

two components of the circulatory system

A

blood vascular system
lymphatic system

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2
Q

system made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

blood vascular system

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3
Q

system made up of lymph and lymph vessels

A

lymphatic system

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4
Q

circulatory systems generally have three main features:

A

fluid
blood vessels
heart

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5
Q

fluid in lymphatic system

A

hemolymph

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6
Q

main feature of circulatory system that transport materials

A

fluid

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7
Q

muscular organ for involuntary continuous contraction

A

heart

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8
Q

epithelial tissues for transport pathway

A

blood vessels

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9
Q

transport away from the heart

A

arteries and arterioles

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10
Q

transport towards the heart

A

veins and venioles

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11
Q

site of cellular action (release and acquisition of gases)

A

capillaries

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12
Q

made up of electrolytes and proteins

A

plasma

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13
Q

4.3 to 5.7 per microliters (male) and 3.9 to 5.1 per microliters in blood

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)

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14
Q

leukocytes in antibody production (histamine and heparin production)

A

basophil

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15
Q

leukocytes for parasitic infection control - ROS production

A

Eosinophil

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16
Q

leukocytes for chemotaxis induced phagocyte - first aiders

A

neutrophil

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17
Q

antigen presenting cell (bounded-cytokine production)

A

B cells (memory B cells and plasma cells)

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18
Q

stored DNA/RNA sequence of infectious agent and releases cytokine (Free-cytokine production)

A

T cells (memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells)

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19
Q

examples include macrophages and dendritic cells

A

monocyte

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20
Q

engulfs foreign materials and connects the lymphocytes to other leukocytes

A

monocyte

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21
Q

blood clotting (platelets)

A

thrombocytes

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22
Q

why is blood circulation important?

A
  • transport respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones, and antibodies
  • serves in conjunction with the kidneys and some other organs in maintaining the internal environment
  • removes toxic and pathogenic materials from the body
  • regulates body temperature with the help of the muscle and integument
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23
Q

importance of lymphatic system

A
  • transporting digested fat from the intestine to the bloodstream
    -removing and destroying toxic substances
  • resisting the spread of disease throughout the body
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24
Q

two kind of circulatory system

A

open
closed

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25
Q

circulatory system wherein fluid is circulated through an open body chamber

A

open

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26
Q

circulatory system where fluid is circulated through blood vessels

A

closed

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27
Q

does the blood come in direct contact with body organs in a closed system?

A

no

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28
Q

vertebrate heart is separatred into two type of chambers (2)

A

atria
ventricles

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29
Q

heart chamber that receive blood from body or lungs, its contraction send blood through a valve to the ventricles

A

atria

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30
Q

receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or lungs

A

ventricles

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31
Q

1 circuit
2-chambered heart

type of anmial

A

fish

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32
Q

2 circuits
3-chambered heart

type of animal?

A

frogs2

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33
Q

2 circuits
“5-chambered” heart

type of animal

A

turtle
lizards

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34
Q

2 circuits
4- chambered heart

give 3 group of animals

A

crocodiles
birds
mammals

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35
Q

simplest vertebrate heart

A

two-chambered heart

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36
Q

two-chambered heart is seen in ___

A

fishes

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37
Q

receives blood from the body cells

A

atrium

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38
Q

sends blood to the gills to collect oxygen (fishes)

A

ventricle

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39
Q

receives blood from the major veins in fishes

A

sinus venosus

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40
Q

valve in fish hearts where the blood from sinus venosus empties into

A

sinoatrial valve (SA)

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41
Q

valve where blood is expelled in fishes into a large thick-walled ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV) valve

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42
Q

pumps into the conus arteriosus which looks like an enlarged artery and is lined with several rows of semilunar vales and preventing backflow of blood as the ventricle fills

A

ventricle

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43
Q

animal that has no heart, only a homologous pulsating vessel in the same position where the heart evolves in vertebrates

A

amphioxus

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44
Q

hearts of fishes are relatively small/large due to its volume of blood

A

small

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45
Q

in this, there is a separate atria to allow some separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which is an advantage for terrestrial organisms

A

three-chambered heart

46
Q

chamber of the heart where mixing can still happen in a three-chambered heart

A

ventricle

47
Q

in them, some have partial separation of the ventricle

A

reptile

48
Q

characteristics of dipnoans, amphibians, and reptiles

A

intermediate heart (three-chambered heart)

49
Q

their heart usually receives both kinds of blood, oxygenated and deoxygenated, without structural separation allowing mixing of two streams

A

intermediate heart (Three-chambered)

50
Q

heart is classified as ____, it adapts to a range of different conditions not encountered by lungless fish, birds, and mammals

A

facultative

51
Q

their atrium is completely divided into the right and left chambers by the interatrial septum

A

anurans

52
Q

chamber in anurans where it receives deoxygenated blood

A

right

53
Q

chamber in anurans where it receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

left

54
Q

chamber in three-chambered heart where there can be a mixing due to the blood returning from the skin (oxygenated)

A

right side

55
Q

shunts the right side (deoxygenated blood to the lungs and skin) and left side (oxygenated blood to right systemic arch)

A

conus spiral fold

56
Q

can both blood enter the left systemic arch and mix depending on the resistance in the pulmonary arch?

A

yes

57
Q

seen in birds and mammals, allows complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

four-chambered heart

58
Q

complete separation in the heart is necessary to support a fast metabolism in ___

A

homeotherms

59
Q

an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.

A

homeotherm

60
Q

in a four-chambered heart, there is a ___-pump operation

A

dual pump

61
Q

nervous tissue that times heart beats

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

62
Q

causes the atria to contract, and send signal to the AV node to signal the ventricles to contract

A

SA node

63
Q

there is low/high pressure in the pulmonary circuit on the right side of the heart

A

low

64
Q

there is high/low pressure in the systemic circuit on the left side of the heart

A

high

65
Q

structure that is vestigial in birds and absent in mammals

A

sinus venosus

66
Q

completely divided in birds and mammals and relatively smaller than in fishes

A

atrium

67
Q

in a double-circuit heart, why is the ventricle completely divided and stronger on the left side compared to the other side

A

the left side is pumping blood to the body

68
Q

divided into a pulmonary trunk joining the right ventricle and a systemic trunk joining the left ventricle

A

embryonic conus

69
Q

adult systemic arch is single/multiple

A

single

70
Q

what side does the adult systemic arch loops in birds?

A

right

71
Q

what side does the adult systemic arch loops in mammals?

A

left

72
Q

contraction of the adult heart in ___ is influenced by the ANS, hormones, and temperature

A

amniotes

73
Q

muscle that has inherent capacity to contract rhythmically

A

cardiac muscle

74
Q

first chamber to beat in the heart

A

embryonic chamber

75
Q

derived from the
muscle cells, develops in
the sinus venosus and
initiates the beat
transmitted over the heart
by the muscle tissue and
not by the nervous system

A

SA node

76
Q

is formed when the SA
node merges with the right atrium together with the
embryonic sinus venosus

A

AV node

77
Q

distributes the beat over the ventricle
and control vascular contractility in the systemic
trunk

A

AV node

78
Q

how many pair of aortic arches in vertebrates?

A

6 pairs

79
Q

which side of the aorta does the blood leave the heart

A

ventral

80
Q

gives of 6 pairs of aortic arches running through the visceral arches

A

ventral aorta

81
Q

in fishes, each aortic arch has afferent/efferent branchial artery carrying venous blood to capillaries in gill

A

afferent

82
Q

read the aortic arches in fishes

A

add +1

83
Q

have 6 pair of aortic arches that passes through a gill

adults number is reduced to 4 or 5

A

fishes

84
Q

in this kind of fish, only 5 pairs (II, III, IV, V, VI) are functional

A

shark

85
Q

in this kind of fish, I, II tend to disappear so 4 arches are efunctional

A

teleost

86
Q

lives in water and remain the external gill in addition lungs

4 pairs of aortic arches III to IV are present

same cases V arch is incomplete, reduced, or absent

III arch - carotid arch
IV - systemic arch
V - ductus caroticus
VI - pulmocutaneous artery

A

amphibian

87
Q

fully terrestrial so the gill are replaced by lung

A

reptile

88
Q

3 functional arches are present

entire ventral aorta and conus split forming only 3-trunk two aortic or systemic one pulmonary

ductus caroticus and ductus arteriosus are absent

A

reptile

89
Q

6 arches develop in the embryo but only 3 arches are present in adults

ventral aorta is replaced by two independent aortae or trunks, systemic and pulmonary

arch IV is single systemic aorta, right in birds and left in mammals, emerging from left ventricle and carrying oxygenated blodo

A

birds and mammals

90
Q

read bird and mammal aortic arches

A

add +1

91
Q

veins that drain an organ and dump blood into another organ instead of heart

A

portal system

92
Q

capillaries of digestive tract and spleen

portal system?

A

hepatic

93
Q

capillaries of tail

portal system?

A

renal

94
Q

capilarries of hypothalamus

portal system?

A

hypophyseal portal system

95
Q

hypohpyseal portal system to heart

vein?

A

sinusoids of anterior of pituitary

96
Q

smallest portal system

A

hypophyseal

97
Q

drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal

98
Q

single hepatic portal vein by retention of the left and right sub-intestinal and of several anastomoses within and posterior to the liver

Type of animal

A

all vertebrates, amphioxus

99
Q

within the ___, the system branches into sinusoids and anterior to it continues to the heart as one or more hepatic veins draining this

A

liver

100
Q

liver of ___ and ___ may also receive portal blood through abdominal venous system

A

amphibian
reptiles

101
Q

drains the gut and tail in hagfishes and teleost

A

hepatic portal veins

102
Q
  • Evolved from the ancestral posterior cardinal veins
A

renal portal system

103
Q

retain the ancestral condition, the posterior cardinal runs from the anal area to the common cardinal receiving blood from the urogenital organs and the body wall

A

cyclostomes and larval fishes

104
Q

blood from the posterior part of the body flows into the posterior segments of the posterior cardinals called the renal portal veins and passes into the tissues of
the kidney

which group of animals

A

fishes

105
Q

exhibit the same pattern as that
of fishes but a new vessel, the postcava, is added which
receives most of the blood from the kidney

A

dipnoans and urodeles

106
Q

are more advanced – anterior
segments and posterior cardinals are modified into
vertebral veins draining the anterior part of the thorax

which group of animals?

A

anurans and reptiles

107
Q

– same condition is observed except that nearly
all blood shunts through the kidneys to the postcava

A

birds

108
Q

have no renal portal system

A

mammals

109
Q

draining the posterior
part of the thorax are the only
derivatives of the anterior segments of
the posterior cardinals

A

azygos and hemiazygos vein

110
Q

empties into the old
right common cardinal vein (precaval),
it receives transverse shunts from the
hemiazygos

A

azygos vein

111
Q

Hormone formed in
the hypothalamus
reach the anterior
lobe through what portal pathway?

A

hypohysial portal pathway

112
Q

These release
inhibitory factors
controlling the
hormonal output of
the cells of the
anterior lobe

A

hypothalamus

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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