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Environmental Science > Exam 3 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-Industrial Stage?

A

Birth and Death Rates HIGH, Modest Population Growth

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2
Q

Transitional Stage

A

Death Rate Declines, Rising Population Growth

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3
Q

Industrial Stage

A

Birth Rate Declines, Rapid Population Growth

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4
Q

Post-Industrial Stage

A

Birth and Death Rates LOW, Declining Population Growth

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5
Q

Age Structure

A

The Distribution of a Population’s Males and Females by Age Class

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6
Q

Population Growth Momentum

A

The Potential for Future Change in a Population Based on the Present Age Structure

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7
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

Average Number of Children Born to a Woman in Her Lifetime

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8
Q

Replacement Level Fertility

A

The Total Fertility Rate Necessary to Replace Those Dying in a Population (2.1)

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9
Q

Reasons for High TFR

A

Tradition, Infant Mortality Rate, Gender Inequality!!,

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10
Q

Species Richness

A

The Total Number of DIFFERENT Species in an Area

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11
Q

Species Evenness

A

The Relative Abundance of EACH INDIVIDUAL Species in an Area

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12
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Incorporation of Genes From One Organism into a Different Species

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13
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

Important Benefits that Ecosystems Provide

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14
Q

Habitat Destruction

A

Number ONE! Reason For Extinction!

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15
Q

Background Extinction

A

Continuous Low-Level Extinction of a Species

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16
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Elevated Rate of Extinction Over a Short Period of Time / Natural Disaster or Extreme Climate Change

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17
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

Protects “Listed” Species and Their Habitat

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18
Q

Conservation Biology

A

Scientific Study of How Humans Impact Organisms and The Development of Ways to Protect Biodiversity

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19
Q

Ex-Situ Conversation

A

Off-Site

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20
Q

In-Situ Conservation

A

On-Site

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21
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots

A

Relatively Small Areas of Land That Contain an Exceptional Number of Endemic Species

22
Q

Habitat Corridors

A

Strips of Habitat That Connect Isolated Habitat Fragments

23
Q

Restoration Ecology

A

Study of the Historical Condition of a Human-Damaged Ecosystem with the Goal of Returning to its Former State

24
Q

Largest Restoration Project

A

Florida Everglades

25
Q

Wildlife Management

A

Management of Wild Species and Their Habitat for their Welfare and Human Benefit

26
Q

Single Species Approach

A

Early Conservation Programs, Focused on Specific Threats to One Individual Species

27
Q

Ecosystem Approach

A

Modern Conservation Programs, Focus on Ecosystem

28
Q

Overhunting

A

Unregulated Hunting

29
Q

Poaching

A

Illegal Hunting of PROTECTED Animals

30
Q

Commercial Harvest

A

The Collection & Sale of Live Organisms from Nature

31
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Break Up of Large Continuous Areas of Habitat Into Small Isolated Areas

32
Q

Invasive Species

A

Species Introduced Into an Ecosystem in Which They Did Not Evolve

33
Q

Indicator Species

A

Species That Provide an Early Warning of Environmental Problems

34
Q

Grain Stocks

A

Amount of Grain Stored From Previous Harvests to Serve as a Cushion Against Poor Harvests and Rising Pieces

35
Q

Food Insecurity

A

State of Fear of Not Being Able to Acquire Sufficient Food

36
Q

Malnutrition

A

The Impairment of Health Due to Dietary Intake that FALLS BELOW or EXCEEDS Required Needs

37
Q

Monocultures

A

The Standard in Industrialized Agriculture, Cultivation of One Type of Plant

38
Q

Polycultures

A

Common in Subsistence, Cultivation of Multiple Types of Plants

39
Q

Pesticide Treadmill

A

Cost of Pesticide Use Goes Up as Effectiveness Goes Down

40
Q

Domestication

A

The Process of Taming Wild Animals or Adapting Wild Plants to Serve Human Needs

41
Q

Germplasm

A

Any Plant or Animal Material That Could Be Used for Breeding

42
Q

Livestock Factories

A

Large Buildings Where Thousands of Animals are Raised in High Density

43
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

A

Organisms with a Foreign Gene(s) Incorporated Into Their DNA

44
Q

Watershed (Drainage Basin)

A

The Area of Land That’s Drained by a Water Body

45
Q

Groundwater

A

Freshwater That Accumulates Underground Above an Impermeable Layer of Rock

46
Q

Aquifer

A

A Water Saturated Underground Reservoir Where Water is Stored

47
Q

Water Table

A

Upper Limit of an Aquifer, Below Which the Ground is Saturated

48
Q

Gray Water

A

Wastewater Other Than Toilet Water

49
Q

Distillation

A

Salt Water is Evaporated, and Water Vapor in Condensed into Freshwater; Salt Remains Behind

50
Q

Reverse Osmosis

A

Salt Water is Forced Through a Membrane

Environmental Science (4 decks)

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