U2 Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when an organism’s metabolic rate increases to meet an increasing demand for energy?

A

Its rate of aerobic respiration and oxygen intake increase

This means that an organism with high metabolic rates need efficient transport systems to deliver large supplies of oxygen to respiring cells

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2
Q

Single circulatory system

A

composed of one atrium and one ventricle

Blood passed through a two-chambered heart once for each complete circuit of the body.

e.g.fish

DIAGRAM

To the gills
⬆️
Ventricle
Atrium
⬆️
From the body

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3
Q

Incomplete double circulatory system

A

Heart consists of one ventricle and two atria.

Therefore, some oxygenated blood (from the lungs) is mixed with deoxygenated blood (from the body)

e.g.amphibians and reptiles

DIAGRAM
To the lungs⬅️➡️To the body

From the body➡️Right atrium / Left atrium⬅️from the lungs

Ventricle

Ventricle:
-deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix
-partially oxygenated blood delivered to tissues

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4
Q

Complete double circulatory system

A

Heart consists of two atria and two ventricles which are separated

No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

The oxygenated blood can be pumped out at a higher pressure

e.g. birds and mammals

DIAGRAM

Pulmonary artery Aorta (to body)
Vena cava. Pulmonary vein
Right atrium. Left atrium
Right ventricle. Left ventricle

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5
Q

3 external abiotic factors that can affect organisms

A

temperature
ph
salinity

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6
Q

What are conformers?

A

Their internal environment is dependent upon the external environment.

For example a conformed temperature will also decrease

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7
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of conformers

A

+ They do not require energy to keep their inner state relatively stable (low metabolic costs)

  • They may have a narrower range of ecological niches unless they can tolerate (adapt) or resist variation in their external environments
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8
Q

Why do most conformers have behavioural responses?

A

To allow them to control their internal environment even slightly

r.g. lizards bask in the sun to raise their body temperature

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9
Q

What are regulators?

A

They use metabolism to maintain a steady internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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10
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of regulators

A

+ requires high energy expenditure to maintain homeostatus

  • offers a wider range of ecological niches
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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

Our internal environment must be maintained for us to survive

This is possible due to negative feedback control

state of steady internal environment being maintained

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12
Q

What is negative feedback control?

A

The process by which a change in factor (eg body temp) triggers a mechanism which results in that factor returning to its normal level (norm or set point)

receptor detects change in factor and sends electrical impulses/messages to the effector which uses a corrective mechanism to return the factor back to the norm

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13
Q

What can thermoregulators do?

A

maintain their body temperature

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14
Q

What is essential for thermoregulators?

A

ENERGY for heat is ESSENTIAL for them so they have a HIGHER METABOLIC RAGE

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15
Q

Why is it important for endotherms to regulate their body temperature to around 35-40 degrees?

A

this is the optimum temperature for most enzymes (which control most reactions in the cells)

Regulating temp also ensures HIGH DIFFUSION RATES to meet the metabolic needs of tissues (If they can’t then metabolic pathways will not function at their best)

(endotherm=an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat)

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16
Q

What is the part of the brain that is responsible for the monitoring of body temperature?

A

the hypothalamus

17
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A

It receives nerve impulses (messages) from thermo-receptors in the skin which detect changes in blood temperature

It can then respond by sending nerve impulses to the necessary effectors which return the temperature of the body to its normal level (via negative feedback)

18
Q

How does skin play an important role in regulating body temperature?

A

Info is communicated by electrical impulses through nerves to the effectors (eg skin) which bring about corrective responses to return temp to normal

19
Q

What does the body do when it is overheating?

A

Vasodilation-ARTERIOLES in the skin surface DILATE which causes an INCREASE in BLOOD FLOW to the surface close to the skin and heat is lost from the blood via RADIATION

Sweating increases-heat from the skin causes water/sweat to EVAPORATE which cools the skin

Metabolic rate decreases-reduces heat being produced in body

20
Q

What does the body do when it is overcooling?

A

Vasoconstriction-ARTERIOLES bear skin surface constrict which DECREASES BLOOD FLOW to the surface close to the skin is little heat is lost via radiation

Erector muscles contract-raises the hairs on the skin surface and a layer of warm air is trapped on the surface of skin and acts as an insulator (goosebumps

Metabolic rate increases-heat is generated during metabolic reactions

shivering-involuntary twitching of muscles to generate heat

21
Q

Why may some animals go through a period of dormancy?

A

To survive adverse conditions (adapted)

22
Q

What is their a decrease in during dormancy?

A

-metabolic rate (to save energy)
-heart rate
-breathing rate
-body temperature

23
Q

When does predictive dormancy occur?

A

before the onset of adverse conditions (eg day length shortens)

24
Q

When does consequential dormancy occur?

A

after the onset of adverse conditions

25
Q

3 types of dormancy

A

hibernation
aestivation
daily torpor

26
Q

Hibernation

A

usually mammals

allows them to survive through winter/low temps

eg bear

27
Q

Aestivation

A

Allows them to survive through periods of drought/high temperatures

eg crocodile

28
Q

Daily torpor

A

within a 24 hour period

seen in animals with a high metabolic rate

eg birds and small mammals

Heart rate, body temp and breathing decrease

29
Q

What is migration?

A

The seasonal movement of members of the same species from one region to another

This behaviour AVOIDS metabolic adversity

Energy is used to relocate to a more suitable environment

30
Q

Migration-innate behaviour

A

Inherited so is inflexible
Part of the genetics of the organism
eg humpback whale

31
Q

Migration-learned behaviour

A

begins after birth and is gained from experiences
flexible and based on trial and error
eg wildabeest

32
Q

Migration can be innate and learned. What plays a primary role and secondary role?

A

Innate-primary role
eg birds migrating due to an external stimulus such as day length

learned-secondary role

33
Q

Why do scientists track animals?

A

To find out:
-when animals migrate
-where they go over winter
-if and when they return to original summer territory
-how long they live for

34
Q

Techniques for tracking animal migration

A

leg rings
-bands placed on leg of organisms
-specific id number which can be logged each time the individual is captured
-OR different combos of colour bands (easily identifiable without recapture
eg birds

satellite tracking
-tracker attached to animal
-gps tech used to track
-no recapturing needed
-data is precise
-tech is very expensive
-eg whale