Stage 3 Guide

Question 1

What is Hypoxia and its symptoms

Answer 1

○ Lack of oxygen

Symptoms
■Feeling better
■ Headache
■ Slower reaction time
■ Impaired judgement

Question 2

What are the types hypoxia

Answer 2

Hypoxic
Hypemic
Stagnant
Histotoxic

Question 3

What is hypoxic and example

Answer 3

● Lack of oxygen due to atmospheric conditions

● Example: High altitudes where air is thinner

Question 4

What is Hypemic and an example

Answer 4

● Inability to carry oxygen in blood cells

● Example: Anemia, disease, blood loss, deformed blood cells, or CO
poisoning

Question 5

What is Stagnant and an example

Answer 5

● Lack of oxygen due to poor circulation of blood

● Example: Pulling excessive G’s

Question 6

What is Histotoxic and an example

Answer 6

● Inability for body to use the oxygen

● Example: Drugs, alcohol

Question 7

Oxygen requirements

Answer 7

■ Required for crew between 12,500’ - 14,000’ MSL for less then 30 minutes

■ Mandatory for crew when flying above 14,000’ MSL

■ Mandatory for crew and all passengers must be provided above 15,000’ MSL

Question 8

● Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

Answer 8

○ CO is odorless/colorless gas
○ Important to detect symptoms of self, crew, and passengers

Question 9

Symptoms of carbon monoxide

Answer 9

■ Headache
■ Dizziness
■ Drowsiness
■ Confusion
■ Vomiting
■ Incapacitation

Question 10

What causes carbon monoxide

Answer 10

● Exhaust escaping through crack in manifold or seals allow exhaust
fumes to mix with air and enter cabin

Question 11

What do you do when you suspect carbon monoxide

Answer 11

■ Turn heater off
■ Open windows
■ Tell ATC you suspect CO poisoning
● Declare emergency
■ Land as soon as possible

Question 12

What is Hyperventilation and what does it result in

Answer 12

○ Rapid breathing/abnormal volume of air breathed in and out of lungs

○ Results in decrease of carbon dioxide (CO2) content in blood

Question 13

What cause’s hyperventilation

Answer 13

■ Stress
■ Panic
■ Anxiety

Question 14

What are symptoms of hyperventilation

Answer 14

■ Lightheadedness
■ Nausea
■ Suffocation
■ Tingling in extremities
■ Rapid pulse and breathing rate

Question 15

How do you stop hyperventilation

Answer 15

■ Talking loudly
■ Singing
■ Controlled breathing into a bag
■ Remove cause of stress/anxiety

Question 16

Sinus Block

Answer 16

○ by pressure changes
○ Air pressure in sinuses equalize through small openings in the nasal passages during
altitude changes
○ Upper respiratory infections such as cold can produce enough congestion to slow
equalization
■ The difference in pressure from sinuses eventually plug the opening
○ Sinus block most occurs most often in descents

Question 17

Altitude Decompression Sickness

Answer 17

○ Pilots or passengers who intend to fly after scuba diving should allow enough time to rid themselves of excess nitrogen buildup
○ Recommended Waiting Times
■ Uncontrolled Ascent
● 12 hours for flights up to 8000’ MSL
● 24 hours for flights above 8000’ MSL
■ Controlled Ascent
● 24 hours for flights at any altitude

Question 18

Hazardous Attitudes

Answer 18

● Undermine pilot’s aeronautical decision making (ADM)
● Important to understand why these attitudes may compromise our safety
● These 5 attitudes are embodied in psyche of every human mind

Question 19

What are the hazardous attitudes

Answer 19

Anti-authority: Don’t tell me what to do
Impulsively: Do something quickly
Invulnerability: It won’t happen to me
Macho: I can do it
Resignation: What’s the point?

Question 20

The hazardous antidote

Answer 20

Anti-authority: Follow the rules
Impulsively: Think first
Invulnerability: It could happen to me
Macho: Taking chances is foolish
Resignation: I’m not helpless. I can make a difference

Question 21

When are lights required for nighttime

Answer 21

Sunset to sunrise

Question 22

When can you log night time

Answer 22

30 minutes after sunset and before sunrise

Question 23

What is the night time currency

Answer 23

3 takeoffs/landings to full stop 1 hour after sunset/before sunrise

Question 24

What are the Left Turning Tendencies

Answer 24

Torque
Spiraling slipstream
Gyroscopic procession
P-Factor

Question 25

What is Torque

Answer 25

■ Force that causes an opposite reaction
■ Propeller spins clockwise, airplane wants to spin counterclockwise

Question 26

Spiraling Slipstream

Answer 26

■ Prop creates spiral of air that rotates around fuselage and hits the left side of
tail, causing aircraft to yaw left

Question 27

Gyroscopic Precession

Answer 27

■ A force applied is manifested 90 degrees ahead of the direction of rotation
■ This example is more drastic in tailwheel aircraft but still applies to tricycle
gear.
● Picture yourself in the pilot seat. As you accelerate, the tail rises upon
takeoff. It is like someone is pushing at the top of the prop. Due to gyroscopic precession, the force results in being 90 degrees ahead, or on the right side of the prop, thus pushing the nose left.

Question 28

What is P-Factor

Answer 28

■ In straight and level, both blades of prop have equal AoA
■ When in climb/descent, one blade has higher AoA than other, creating more
lift to one side, thus yawing to that side