Module 5 - Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptability

A

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances

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2
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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4
Q

Conditioning

A

The process of learned associations

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

We learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.

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6
Q

Explain classical conditioning in seeing lighting and hearing thunder.

A

Seeing lightning and hearing thunder afterwards connects the two events in our minds. The next time we see lightning, we will anticipate thunder.

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7
Q

When a response diminishes after repeated exposure to the same stimuli, we say the response __________.

A

Habituates

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequences and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.

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9
Q

A rancher attaches an electronic pager to his cow. When it beeps, food is brought to them. What type of conditioning is this?

A

Classical conditioning

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10
Q

Observational Learning

A

We learn from others’ experiences.

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that it should be an objective science, but not that it should have no reference to mental processes.

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A psychologist famous for his early twentieth-century experiments on conditioning.

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13
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus that an organism can see or hear, but does not associate with a specific stimulus (eg. a bell unassociated with food in Pavlov’s experiments)

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14
Q

What does “UR” stand for?

A

Unconditioned Response

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15
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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16
Q

What does “US” stand for?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

17
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.

18
Q

What does “CR” stand for?

A

Conditioned Response

19
Q

Conditioned Response

A

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

20
Q

What does “CR” stand for?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

21
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

22
Q

The presentation of a neutral stimulus before an unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to the creation of a ___________ ________.

A

Conditioned response

23
Q

Acquisition (define for classical conditioning and operant conditioning)

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response; the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.

24
Q

Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps animals _______ for good or bad events.

A

Prepare

25
Q

____________ helps an animals survive and resproduce.

A

Conditioning

26
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a new (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Also called second-order conditioning.

27
Q

Extinction

A

The diminished response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (eg. a tone) no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus (eg. food).

28
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of a (weakened) conditioned response after a pause

29
Q

What does spontaneous recovery suggest?

A

Spontaneous recovery suggests that extinction is the suppression of a conditioned response, not the elimination of it.

30
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (eg. Pavlov’s dogs responding to a similar tone that they were not conditioned with)

31
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned response (eg. Pavlov’s dogs respond to a particular tone, but not other tones).

32
Q

Predictability

A

How predictable something is in the presentation of a stimulus. The more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response.

33
Q

Expectancy

A

An awareness of how likely it is that the unconditioned stimulus will occur

34
Q

Ecologically Relevant

A

Something similar to a stimuli associated with sexual activity in the natural environment (eg. the stuffed head of a female quail). Conditioning is stronger and faster when the conditioned stimulus is ecologically relevant.

35
Q

________ enable animals to adapt to their environments

A

Learning

36
Q

Why is Pavlov’s work important?

A

Pavlov introduced and proved the idea that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning. Second, Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively.

37
Q

Little Albert, who was made to fear rats by being shown a rat at the same time as hearing a hammer hit metal behind him by John B. Watson, is an example of what type of conditioning?

A

Classical Conditioning