cells Flashcards

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1
Q

cell fractionation

A

the process where cells are broken up and different organelles are separated out

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2
Q

before cell fractionation

A

tissue places in cold buffered solution same water potential as tissue

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3
Q

buffered solution tissue placed in feature

A

cold- less enzyme activity that could break down organelles
same water potential - prevent organelles bursting or shrinking from osmotic gain or loss
buffered - pH does not fluctuate no organelle structure altered

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4
Q

homogenisation

A

cells broken up by homogeniser releasing organelles

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5
Q

ultracentrifugation

A

fragments in filtered homogenise separated in centrifuge

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6
Q

ultracentrifugation in animal cells process

A

filtrate tube placed in centrifuge and spun at slow speed

heaviest organelles forced to bottom forming thin sediment

fluid at top of tube removed leaving sediment

supernatant transferred to another tube and spun in centrifuge at faster speed

next heaviest at bottom
sedimented and separated increasing speed

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7
Q

electron microscope

A

electron beam short wavelength so microscope resolves objects well

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8
Q

TEM

A

electron gun w beam of electrons focused onto specimen

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9
Q

limitations of TEM and SEM

A

no living organisms
no colour
specimen thin to penetrate -
slow and complicated

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10
Q

SEM

A

beam of electrons into surface of specimen from above

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11
Q

eyepiece graticule

A

measure size of objects with light microscope
glass disc placed in eyepiece

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12
Q

stage micrometer

A

slide to calibrate eyepiece gracticule

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13
Q

nuclear enevelope

A

double membrane surrounding nucleus w ribosomes on surface

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14
Q

nuclear pores

A

passage of large molecules out of nucleus

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15
Q

necleoplasm

A

jelly

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16
Q

nucleolus

A

rRNA, synthesis of ribosomes

17
Q

mitochondria- cristal

A

extensions of inner membrane
attach enzymes and other proteins for respiration

18
Q

mitochondria- matrix

A

protein lipids ribosomes DNA
mitochondria control protein production
enzymes for respiration

19
Q

chloroplast envelope

A

what enters and leaves chloroplast

20
Q

chloroplasts- grana

A

grana - 1st stage photosynthesis
have thylakoids with chlorophyll

21
Q

stroma- chloroplast

A

2nd stage photosynthesis

22
Q

SER

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and carbs
no ribosomes on surface

23
Q

RER

A

transport and synthesis of proteins
ribosomes in outer surface
large SA for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

24
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of membranes that make up cisternae w vesicles

add carb to proteins- glycoproteins
secretory enzymes produced
secrete carbs
transport modify store lipids
form lysozymes

25
Q

lysosomes

A

formed when vesicles produced by golgi apparatus contain enzymes
contain lysozymes - hydrolyse cell walls of some bacteria

break down cells after died
hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
release enzymes to destroy material around cell

26
Q

cell wall

A

strength to prevent cell bursting

27
Q

vacuoles

A

keep cells turgid
sugars and AA temporary food store