Biases in Writing - PS'23 Flashcards
Anchoring Bias, Focalism
Giving a known (or “anchoring”) fact as the first piece of information. Any following judgements or opinions will be based on this fact.
Observer Bias
Typically found in scientific studies. Occurs when you project your own cognitive biases onto others based on what you witness
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek out information that supports something you already believe
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
When people perceive an event to be simple just because their knowledge of the event is simple or lacking.
Cultural or Implicit Bias
involves those who perceive other cultures as being abnormal, outlying, or exotic, simply based on a comparison to their own culture.
In-Group Bias
Refers to how people are more likely to believe or support someone from within their own social group than an outsider
Decline Bias
The tendency to compare past to present and determine that things were better in the past.
Optimism or Pessimism Bias
Refers to how people are more likely to estimate a positive outcome if they are in a good mood, or a negative outcome if they are in a bad mood.
Self-Serving Bias
The assumption that good things happen to you because you’ve done everything right, but when bad things happen to you it is not your fault.
Information Bias
The idea that amassing more information will aid in better decision-making, even if that extra information is irrelevant to the actual subject at hand.
Selection Bias
Refers to the way individuals notice things more after something happens to make us notice that thing more.
Availability Bias
The tendency to use the information we can quickly recall when evaluating a topic or idea.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Refers to an individual’s tendency to attribute someone’s particular behaviors to existing, unfounded stereotypes, while attributing their own similar behavior to external factors.
Hindsight bias
Refers to an individuals tendency to perceive events as more predictable after they happen.
