Psychological Development/Psychotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Psychodynamic theory proposes that behavior is ___

A

Behavior is the end product of a complex, often contentious internal discussion about how one should behave

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2
Q

Id:

A

basic drives, motives, instincts
● The is a mostly subconscious process that seeks self gratification or pleasure. Freud proposed that most Id instincts are sexual

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3
Q

Ego:

A

This is a counterbalance that develops in
childhood to reduce the drive of the Id. It is more related to conscious thought and it takes into account the requirements of external reality:
● External constraints
● Probable consequences of actions
● Desire for specific pleasurable experiences

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4
Q

Superego:

A

one’s conscience – the image of
what one wants to be
● This begins as a person gains some social awareness. It initially incorporates his/her parents’ standards as the superego. Gradually, it expands to include more personal standards

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5
Q

____ are unconscious strategies
for reducing anxiety aroused by thoughts, desires, or impulses. (Mediated by the ego)

A

Defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Some defenses are considered mature when they _____

A

function without compromising
functioning

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7
Q

Other defenses are considered primitive
because they involve behavior that is
immature or irrational and _____

A

impacts
appropriate functioning.

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8
Q

Some of the primal and immature defense mechanisms:

A

Acting out
Avoidance
Denial
Identification or introjection
Regression

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9
Q

Some of the Immature but more complex
defense mechanisms:

A

Passive aggression
Projection
Rationalization
Compensation
Splitting
Transference

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10
Q

Some of the defense mechanisms that are considered somewhat more mature:

A

Repression
Displacement
Reaction formation

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11
Q

These defense mechanisms are often
considered the most mature:

A

Anticipation
Humor
Suppression
Sublimation

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12
Q

_____ suggests that actions and behaviors are due to learned associations, called conditioning.

A

Behaviorism

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning is the idea that:

A

A response (UR) elicited naturally by one
stimulus (US) will in time be elicited by a
second stimulus (CS) after a period
when the two stimuli are occurring
consistently together.

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14
Q

____ – stimulus that produces response naturally without the need
for conditioning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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15
Q

_____ – the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

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16
Q

_____ – a neutral stimulus with no natural response that is “trained” to elicits a new response

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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17
Q

______ – New response
attached to the conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Response (CR) –

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18
Q

______: When stimulus “A”, that
has never been conditioned to elicit
response “C”, produces response “C”
because it is similar to “B”, which
naturally elicits response “C”.

A

Generalization:

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19
Q

_____: The natural or effortful
process of “forgetting” a conditioned
response so that the CS no longer
produces the CR

A

Extinction:

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

The idea that rewards and punishment
change behavior, and that learning occurs
as we experience the consequences of our actions
● Sort of a trial & error learning

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21
Q

______ rats were placed in a box and
deprived of food. Upon randomly
pressing a bar, food was presented. The
food reinforced the bar pressing.

A

Skinner’s

22
Q

Punishment in the behaviorist perspective

A

aversive stimulus that
decreases behavior

23
Q

Reinforcement in the behaviorist perspective

A

stimulus likely to increase behavior

24
Q

Discriminative Stimuli:

A

● Stimuli that signals the availability of
reinforcement (the antecedent stimulus)

25
Q

Extinction:

A

● Occurs when behavior is no longer
reinforced
● Pace of extinction depends on history of
reinforcement

26
Q

Secondary reward conditioning

A

● Instrumental behavior to get a stimulus
has no biological usefulness itself but
has in the past been associated with a
biologically significant stimulus
(Money, money, money, money!)

27
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

● Response to a cue is instrumental in
avoiding a painful experience (e.g.
examples in the field of medicine?)

28
Q

Therapeutic Use of Conditioning

A

● Systematic desensitization
● Aversion Therapy (Aversive Conditioning)
● Contingency management - individuals
are ‘reinforced’, or rewarded, for
evidence of positive behavioural
changes

29
Q

Major premise of cognitive-behavioral perspective

A

○ There is more to a person’s actions than what behaviorism has to offer.
○ People’s thoughts have a powerful impact on their behavior.
○ There is a cognitive process (subconscious and conscious) that occurs prior to behavior
○ The way people respond to their environment is largely a function of how they perceive & interpret it

30
Q
A
31
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Inaccurate or flawed thoughts or conclusions which are consciously or subconsciously believed. These often reinforce negative thinking or emotions, causing an inaccurate perception of
reality. These can be thought of as distorted assumptions

32
Q

Common Cognitive Distortions

A

Maginification/minimization - catastrophizing
Selective abstraction
overgeneralization
jumping to conclusions
“should” or “must” statements
polarization
fallacy of fairness
personalization
blaming
emotional reasoning

33
Q

Magnification or minimization

A

Exaggerating or minimizing the significance of an event or circumstance
- Catastrophizing: Predicting a negative outcome and believing that would be a catastrophe.

34
Q

Selective abstraction:

A

Drawing conclusions on the
basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data

35
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Inferring meaning or
drawing conclusions based on a single event.

36
Q

Jumping to Conclusions:

A

Making negative assumptions without enough evidence.
- Mind Reading: Making conclusions that one knows what someone else believes or is thinking

37
Q

“Should” or “Must” statements:

A

telling oneself that things should or must be a certain way without exceptions. Ignores circumstances.

38
Q

Polarization (All-or-Nothing Thinking)

A

Categorizing events into either all good or all bad

39
Q

Fallacy of Fairness

A

feeling they know for
certain what is fair and what isn’t and therefore leads to social conflict

40
Q

Personalization:

A

Taking the blame for something
that is clearly not one’s fault

41
Q

Blaming:

A

The opposite of personalization.
Blaming someone else for something that is not their fault

42
Q

Emotional reasoning:

A

The way a person feels about something makes them believe it is accurate

43
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A

Thoughts triggered by events. These are
automatic, outside conscious control, and
habitual.
● They affect a person’s mood and actions
● Examples:
○ Recurring thoughts about a person’s actions
○ Resurfacing of memories
○ “I can’t believe I said that”
○ “I screwed again, just like last time”
○ “She thinks I am too outspoken”

44
Q

____ are useful subconscious mental shortcuts used to arrive at decisions more easily or quickly. Often focused on what is perceived to be the most important aspect of a problem or situation

A

Heuristics

45
Q

_____: relying too heavily on one piece of
information

A

Anchoring

46
Q

_____: overestimating the likelihood of
outcomes with greater “availability” to our minds

A

Availability bias:

47
Q

_____: searching for and interpreting
information in a way that confirms beliefs/feelings

A

Confirmation bias

48
Q

_____: drawing different conclusions from
the same information based on how it is presented

A

Framing effect

49
Q

Basic Ideas of humanistic perspective

A

● People are essentially good and
constructive
● If allowed, people have the tendency to
move toward self-actualization. Therefore, the goal is to help patients/client become self-actualized, fulfilling one’s human potential
● It treats people with unconditional,
positive regard

50
Q

What is Psychotherapy?

A

Psychotherapy is the group of treatment techniques that aim to help a
person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and
behaviors. It is about helping patients understand themselves and
learn skills to adapt in the future.

51
Q

Major premise of existential perspective

A

○ Each person is free and responsible for
finding meaning in life and to make
rational decisions in an irrational
universe
○ Some people are willing to find
meaning…others are not
○ Healthy people?
■ Accept individual responsibility,
make choices within the constraints
imposed by their situation
○ Poor outcomes result when people fail to
accept individual responsibility