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Nazi Germany > Opposition > Flashcards

Opposition Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that made opposition difficult

A

-Loyal army
-Tradition of respect for authority
-Network of government informers
-Powerful secret police
-Government control of the media
-One party state
-No independent trade unions

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2
Q

Factors that encouraged opposition

A

-Rising unemployment
-Food shortages
-General negative feelings about country’s future
-Foreign policy failures
-Divided government
-Weak leadership
-Free elections
-Arbitrary imprisonment
-Range of political parties
-Potential opposition groups willing to co operate

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3
Q

Places of opposition to the Nazis

A

-Socialists
-Communists
-Church
-Young people
-Students
-Army
-Gov/Civil service
-Traditional elites

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4
Q

Sophie Shcoll
1921-1943

A

-Family believed in liberal ideas

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5
Q

Gleichschaltung - Co ordination

A

Between Nazi’s and Church

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6
Q

Concordat

A

1933
Between Catholic Church and Nazis

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7
Q

“Survival of Christianity is more important than criticising the government

A

-Pope Pius XII
-1876-1958

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8
Q

“Survival of Christianity is more important than criticising the government

A

-Pope Pius XII
-1876-1958

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9
Q

“I hate traditional religion. Here is an opportunity to start something new that suits our beliefs”

A

-Alfred Rosenberg
-1893-1946

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10
Q

“This regime is so evil I do what I can to overthrow it”

A

Bishop Clemens Von Galen
1878-1946

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11
Q

Ludwig Müller

A

-Leader of German Christians
-Nationalist
-Anti-Semitic
-Suicide in 1946

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12
Q

Alfred Rosenberg

A

-Anti-Christian
-German faith movement
-1941 made minister for occupied territories

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13
Q

Pope Pius XI

A

-Agreed to concordat
-1937 outspoken Nazi attack

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14
Q

Pope Pius XII

A

-Negotiated concordat
-Didn’t openly condemn Nazism
-Wanted to maintain churches role

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15
Q

Increase in Church support

A

-Closer due to showing loyalty to church
-Harsh taxes, economic difficulties, pressure against church
-War drove people back to religion

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16
Q

Decrease in church support

A

-People believed they couldn’t do anything against new forces
-Prevention of men in taking part in parish life due to other events
-State youth events took church into account less
-Youth lost habit
-Schools

17
Q

Opposition form German Youth

A

-Student opposition e.g white rose
-Edelweiss pirates/working class youth
-Swing youth/jazz youth/middle class

18
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates

A

-Youth with musical instruments
-Women who Nazis believed did not conform
-Some were in the army
-Risked lack of morale

19
Q

How did the Edelweiss Pirates show opposition

A

-Graffiti
-Slander towards the regime
-Tried to provoke reaction
-Fought with the Hitler youth

20
Q

Who were the Swing youth

A

-Secret state police were involved in intervening with their actions
-Nazis believed their ideas were being taught by parents and teachers
-They should be punished as well
-Himmler wanted to send them all to a concentration camp

21
Q

Motives of the White rose group

A

-Encouraged others to think similarly
-Stop Germans being complicit
-Idea of a new federation style running of Europe
-Sabotaging what they could to hinder Nazi plans
-Believed German people did not care what their country was doing
-Highlighted horrors that were being committed

22
Q

Church opposition activities

A

-Spoke out against radical policies e.g eugenics

23
Q

Success of Church Opposition

A

-Didn’t challenge fundamental Nazi ideology
-As long as church remained independent many did not care what the Nazis did

-Hitler had to publicly order end of acts of Euthanasia as opposition was so strong

24
Q

Opposition of Left wing

A

-Anti Nazi leaflets 35-36
-Discussion groups
-Red Orchestra- subgroup of communists that intended to subvert the Nazi war machine

25
Q

Success of Left Wing Opposition

A

-By 1945 over half of German communists had been arrested or imprisoned
-25,000-30,000 had been executed
-Lacked a common strategy
-German labour front established after abolishment of Trade Unions as Germans were enrolled in DAF. This controlled labour force and showed left wing was under Nazi control

-Able to produce Anti German Literature

26
Q

Opposition from Students/Youth

A

-Some refused to join Hitler youth
-Edelweiss Pirates in western Germany
-Encouraged free speech
-White rose in Munich uni
-Marches and leaflets

27
Q

Success of opposition from Students/Youth

A

-Harsh brutality of Nazis towards youth showed they posed a threat
-Mass audience

-Hans and Sophie executed in 1943
-6 members of Edelweiss Pirates publicly hung in 1944

28
Q

Right wing opposition

A

-Armed forces opposition was high risk
-Black plot of 1938
-Bomb plot of 1944
-Kreisau circle wanted to overthrow the regime

29
Q

Success of right wing opposition

A

-Outside of the army there was little threat
-No collective action
-More successful privately with hopes of better future

30
Q

Hopes of Jacob Zorn towards communist Party

A

-Create a revolution
-Believed they were the only party that offered organised resistance

31
Q

After 1933 how the communist party organised resistance

A

-Getting money
-Distributing leaflets
-Contacts abroad

32
Q

Why was KPD resistance not effective

A

-Open about it
-Risked being caught
-No extreme actions so not much could be achieved

33
Q

How the regime took action against the communists

A

-Police broke up illegal organisations
-Followed distribution route of leaflets
-Members tried for high treason
-New guidelines for illegal activity published in 1937

34
Q

Opposition of KPD from 1936 onwards

A

-Switched from leaflets to word of mouth
-Set up bases in french factories
-Advocated for popular front on the French pattern

35
Q

Kreisua Circle reasons for opposition

A

-Mass killings
-Greece 220 men shot
-Berlin Jews being rounded up

36
Q

1938 Fritsch Affair

A

-Hitler assumed control and appointed pro-Nazi generals and showed he was determined to make war
-Changes to high command
-Encouraged opposition by the army

37
Q

Opposition which led to bomb plot

A

-Germany’s Eastern policy
-Victory in the East as only possible if they won support of locals which was unlikely
-Hitler’s growing power

38
Q

Bomb Plot

A

July 1944

Nazi Germany (5 decks)

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