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MTAP > Parasitology - Nematodes > Flashcards

Parasitology - Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

most common intestinal nematode of man in PH

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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2
Q

human whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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3
Q

close relative of T. trichiura

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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4
Q

Pudoc worm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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5
Q

most common nematode of man in US

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

a parasitic worm discovered by nelia salazar

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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7
Q

Where did Nelia Salazar discovered Capillaria philippinensis?

A

pudoc, ilocos sur

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8
Q

common names of Enterobius vermicularis

A

(Oh PSST!)

Oxyuris vermicularis
pinworm
society worm
seatworm
tiwa (ph)

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9
Q

giant intestinal roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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10
Q

eelworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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11
Q

larval stage 1 & 2 (L1 & L2)

A

rhabditidorm

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12
Q

larval stage 3 (L3)

A

filariform

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13
Q

shapes of Trichuris trichiura

A

(mag-Football sa JBL)

Football
Japanese Lantern
Barrel
Lemon

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14
Q

these are called roundworms due to the appearance of adult

A

nematodes

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15
Q

3 life cycle of nematodes

A

egg
larva
adult

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16
Q

what is the general characteristic of an adult male nematode?

A

smaller, curved posterior with spicule

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17
Q

what is the general characteristic of an adult female nematode?

A

larger, pointed posterior, no spicule

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18
Q

the only nematode that is parthenogenic

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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19
Q

what is parthenogenic?

A

adult female that can reproduce by themselves

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20
Q

these are elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, dioecious

A

nematodes

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21
Q

lay immature ova

A

oviparous

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22
Q

lay mature ova

A

oviviparous or ovoviviparous

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23
Q

lays larva

A

viviparous / larviparous

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24
Q

what are 3 types of hosts?

A

intermediate host
definitive or final host
natural host

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25
Q

harbors larval or asexual stage

A

IH

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26
Q

harbors adult or sexual stage

A

DH or FH

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27
Q

final host in the environment

A

natural host

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28
Q

stage of when the parasites are capable of infecting host

A

infective stage

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29
Q

stage that aids in identification of the parasite

A

diagnostic stage

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30
Q

final host of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

man

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31
Q

intestinal nematodes

A

• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Trichuris trichiura
• Capillaria philippinensis
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Necator americanus
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Strongyloides stercoralis

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32
Q

extra-intestinal nematodes

A

• Filarial worms (6)
• Brugia timori
• Trichinella spiralis
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• *Dirofilaria immitis
• *Anisakis spp.

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33
Q

enumerate small intestine nematodes

A

(CASH)

• C. philippinensis
• A. lumbricoides
• S. stercoralis
• Hookworms

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34
Q

enumerate large intestine nematodes

A

• E. vermicularis
• T. trichiura

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35
Q

enumerates nematodes capable of lung migration

A

(ASH)
* A. lumbricoides
* S. stercoralis
* Hookworms

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36
Q

the classic “UNHOLY TRINITY” common in children

A

• Hookworms
• A. lumbricoides
• T. trichiura

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37
Q

habitat of A. lumbricoides

A

small intestine

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38
Q

dx stage of A. lumbricoides?

A

ova, adult

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39
Q

infective stage of A. lumbricoides?

A

embryonated ova

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40
Q

MOT of A. lumbricoides?

A

ingestion of infective stage (embryonated ova)

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41
Q

true or false?

A. lumbricoides is capable of migration.

A

true

larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa, migrate via the portal vessels and lymphatic system into the liver from where they are carried through the heart into the lungs. Subsequently, they penetrate the capillary walls and enter into the lung alveoli.

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42
Q

what is the causative agent of ascariasis?

A

A. lumbricoides

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43
Q

morph adult - A. lumbricoides

length (cm) of male and female

A

F: 22-35 cm
M: up to 30 cm

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44
Q

morph adult - A. lumbricoides

color?

A

creamy white, pink tint

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45
Q

posterior tail of adult female A. lumbricoides?

A

pointed

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46
Q

posterior tale of adult male A. lumbricoides?

A

curved

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47
Q

what is the appearance of the anterior head of an adult male and female?

A

trilobate (consisting of 3 lips)

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48
Q

WHat is the pathology of A. lumbricoides:

due to adult

A
  1. Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler’s pneumonia)
  2. Visceral Larva Migrans
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49
Q

Loeffler’s pneumonia indication?

A
  1. increased eosinophils
  2. presence of charcot-leyden crystals
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50
Q

another term for ascaris pneumonitis?

A

Loeffler’s pneumonia

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51
Q

an animal ascaris

A

visceral larva migrans

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52
Q

visceral larva migrans causative agents?

A
  • toxocara canis - dog
  • toxocara cati - cat
  • ascaris suum - pig
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53
Q

what are the three layers of an ascaris egg?

A
  1. outermost mamillation - albuminoid layer
  2. middle glycogen layer
  3. inner vitelline / lipoidal / lecithin layer
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54
Q

layers of an immature ascaris ova?

A

no inner vitelline layer
with lecithin granules

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55
Q

layers of a mature corticated ascaris egg?

A

all layers are present

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56
Q

layers of a decorticated mature ascaris egg?

A

no outermost mammillation layer

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57
Q

final host of human whipworm?

A

MAN

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58
Q

habitat of Trichuris trichiura?

A

large intestine

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59
Q

what aids in identification of Trichuris trichiura?

A

ova (easily recognizable)

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60
Q

what is the infective stage of human whipworm

A

fully embryonated egg

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61
Q

MOT of Trichuris trichiura

A

ingestion of fully embryonated egg

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62
Q

a nematode that can cause microcytic, hypochromic iron deficiency anemia

A

whipworm

T. trichiura

(trichuriasis)

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63
Q

what symptoms accompanies Trichuris trichiura?

A
  • bloody diarrhea
  • epigastric pain
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • rectal prolapse
  • hypoalbuminea
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64
Q

true or false

Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 is attenuated

A

true

Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 attenuated

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65
Q

how does Trichuris trichiura attaches to the mucosa of large intestine?

A

it attaches to the mucose of large intestine thru PIN-FASHION ATTACHMENT

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66
Q

appaeance of fleshy posterior portion of Trichuris trichiura adult male and female

A

F: pointed
M: curved

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67
Q

morphology of T. trichiura ova

A

large, mucoid prominent BIPOLAR PLUGS
yellowish brown color

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68
Q

morphologically similar with T. trichiura

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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69
Q

final host of pudoc worm

A

man
other vertebrae

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70
Q

natural hosts of Capillaria philippinensis

A

migratory birds (herons, egrets, bitterns)

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71
Q

enumerate the intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Freshwater fishes / Brackish water
fishes / Glass fishes
* Bagtu,
* bagsang,
* birot,
* ipon (hypselotris
bipartita)

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72
Q

habitat of Capillaria philippinensis?

A

small intestine

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73
Q

dx stage of the parasite discovered by Nelia Salazar

A

larva or ova found in stool

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74
Q

infective stage of pudoc worm

A

larva found in fishes

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75
Q

MOT of capillaria philippinensis

A

ingestion of raw or uncooked fish with larva

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76
Q

also known as the mystery disease

A

pudoc disease

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77
Q

causative agent of mystery disease

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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78
Q

What do you call the disease caused by Capillaria philippinensis?

A

Capillariasis
Mystery disease or Pudoc disease

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79
Q

what are the symptoms of Capillariasis / Mystery dissease?

A
  • Borborygmus (rumbling tummy)
  • Severe diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
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80
Q

these are delicate tiny worms

A

Capillaria philippinensis - adult

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81
Q

morphology of Capillaria philippinensis - Adult

A

female - usually with eggs in utero
male - with chitinized spicule

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82
Q

what is the purpose of spicules in an adult male nematode?

A

for reproduction

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83
Q

what is the morphology of pudoc worm ova?

A

small, striated shell, FLATTENED MUCOID BIPOLAR PLUGS

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84
Q

pudoc worm is morphologically similar with?

A

human whipworm

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85
Q

TIWA of PH

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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86
Q

final host of pinworm

A

man

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87
Q

habitat of seatworm

A

large intestine

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88
Q

true or false

the society worm has the same dx and infective stage

A

true

dx and inf stage of society worm = OVA

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89
Q

MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  1. ingestion
  2. inhalation
  3. retroinfection
  4. autoinfection
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90
Q

what are nocturnal parasites?

A

nocturnal parasites lay eggs at night

ex. adult female of society worm

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91
Q

true or false

the adult female of Enterobius vermicularis are noctural parasites which means the lay eggs at night

A

true

this action causes pruritus ani / perianal itching

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92
Q

newly hatched larva migrates back into the hosts

A

retroinfection

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93
Q

hand-to-mouth transmission

A

autoinfection

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94
Q

self-infection

A

autoinfection

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95
Q

what is pruritus ani?

A

a perianal itching caused by nocturnal parasites

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96
Q

causative agent of enterobiasis?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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97
Q

what are the symptoms accompanied by Enterobiasis?

A
  1. nocturnal pruritus ani
  2. loss of appetite
  3. extra-intestinal enterobiasis
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98
Q

nocturnal pruritus ani

A

insomia irritation

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99
Q

extra-intestinal enterobiasis - migrates where?

A

vagina, uterus, fallopian tube

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100
Q

morphology of female and male adult pinworm?

A

Female: gravid uterus filled w/ eggs, pointed posterior end
Male: flask-shaped / bulb-like esophagus, curved posterior end

both with cephalic alae (lateral wing)

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101
Q

morphology of Enterobius vermicularis ova

A
  • oval-shaped, flattened on one side
  • double-layered shell
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102
Q

a parasite with lopsided ovum, ‘‘D’’ shaped ovum

A

Enterobius vermicularis

  • seatworm
  • pinworm
  • oxyuris vermicularis
  • society worm
  • TIWA (PH)
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103
Q

time of collection of cellulose tape scotch-tape method

A

night or early morning

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104
Q

what is the lab dx of enterobiasis?

A

cellulose tape / scotch tape method

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105
Q

“cellophane-covered thick smear”

A

kato-katz

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106
Q

what are three reasons if no ova detected?

A

no infection, early infection, all male infection

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107
Q

general principle: specific gravity and centrifugation

A

concentration techniques

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108
Q

Recommended method for egg
counting procedure (WHO)

A

kato-katz

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109
Q

what is needed in direct fecal smear?

A

2 mg stool + 1 drop 0.85% NaCl (NSS)

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110
Q

routine method of stool examination - qualitative technique (no counting)

A

direct fecal smear

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111
Q

what are the stains used for direct fecal smear?

A

Lugol’s iodine – cannot recover
trophozoites (amoeba-sensitive)

Nair’s Buffered Methylene Blue
(BMB)

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112
Q

a stain of direct fecal smear that cannot recover trophozoites and are ameoba-sensitive

A

lugol’s iodine

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113
Q

A stool examination in which it is useful for specific species identification and it uses LPO and HPO

A

direct fecal smear

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114
Q

It uses 50-60mg stool covered with cellophane

A

kato-thick

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115
Q

how is the solution preparared in kato-thick when doing stool exam?

A

cellophane is soaked in a mixture of glycerin and malachite green solution

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116
Q

what are the materials used for kato-thick exam?

A
  1. glycerin
  2. malachite green
  3. use green cellophane soak in glycerin as substitute for malachite green
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117
Q

also known as “cellophane-covered thick smear”

A

kato-katz

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118
Q

the only quantitative method discussed under stool examination

A

kato-katz

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119
Q

kato-katz uses the same materials as kato-thick but with additionals. what are these additional materials used in cellophane-covered thick smear?

A
  1. template
  2. wire mesh
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120
Q

what are the two concentration techniques?

A
  1. sedimentation technique
  2. floatation technique
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121
Q

true or false

In sedimentation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is higher than the reagent, hence parasite tends to float.

A

false

SG of parasite is HIGHER than the reagent used hence,
parasite sink

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122
Q

What is the method of choice if
spx is from animal source, recommended for recovery of:
1. T. trichiura ova
2. C. philippinensis ova
3. Schistosoma ova

A

Acid Ether Concentration Technique

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123
Q

What are the two mentioned sedimentation technique?

A
  1. formalin-ether concentration technique
  2. acid ether concentration technique
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124
Q

true or false

In floatation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is lower than the reagent, hence parasite tends to sink.

A

false

SG of parasite is LOWER than the reagent used hence, parasite float

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125
Q

What are the three different floatation technique mentioned?

A
  1. zinc sulfate concentration technique
  2. sheather’s floatation
  3. brine’s floatation
126
Q

what is the reagent used in zinc sulfate conc tech?

A

33% ZnSO4

127
Q

SG for fresh stool

A

1.18

128
Q

SG for fixed stool

A

1.20

129
Q

not suitable for operculated ova (trematodes); uses 33% ZnSO4 as its reagent

A

zinc sulfate conc tech

130
Q

flotation technique recommended for oocysts

A

sheather’s floatation

131
Q

a floatation technique which does not require centrifugation and uses salt solution

A

brine’s floatation

132
Q

true or false

In brine’s solution, helminths float as you continuously add salt.

A

false

brine’s floatation requires NO centrifugation as helminth ova floats as you continuously add salt

133
Q

Enumerate the parasites that are not suitable for brine’s floatation.

A
  1. Operculated ova (trematodes)-doesn’t float as it enters operculum
  2. Hookworm, Schistosoma ova –tend to shrink in brine’s solution
134
Q

2nd most common helminth to infect man

A

hookworms

135
Q

the term hookworm is collectively used for these 2 parasites

A
  1. Necator americanus - new world HW
  2. Ancylostoma duodenale - old world HW
136
Q

An emerging HW specie that can also be found in man

A

Ancylostoma ceylanicum

137
Q

2 mentioned animal HW

A
  1. A. caninum – dog HW – 3 pairs of teeth
  2. A. braziliense – cat HW – 2 pairs of teeth (small medial teeth)
138
Q

a dog HW

how many pairs of teeth?

A

A caninum

3 pairs of teeth

139
Q

cat HW

how many pairs of teeth?

A

A. braziliense

2 pairs of teeth (2 medial small teeth)

140
Q

also known as american murderer

A

new world HW

141
Q

the final host of Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Strongyloides stercoralis.

A

MAN

142
Q

habitat of hookworms

A

small intestine

143
Q

MOT of hookworms

A

skin penetration of infective larva

144
Q

dx stage of hookworm

A

rhabtidiform larva or ova

L1 & L2

145
Q

infective stage of hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis

A

3rd stage filariform larva

146
Q

Pathology of hookworms

due to larva

A
  1. allergic reaction (dermatitis)
  2. pneumonitis
  3. cuteneous larva migrans
147
Q

pathology of hookworms due to larva:

ground itch, dew itch, colic itch water sore, mazza mora

A

allergic reaction (dermatitis)

148
Q

pathology of hookworms due to larva:

wakana

A

pneumonitis

a lung inflammation, resembles an immediate-hypersensitivity

causes difficulty in breathing often accompanied by cough

149
Q

pathology of hookworms due to larva:

creepy eruptions, accidental infection, caused by A.
caninum & A. braziliense

A

Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)

150
Q

pathology of hookworms due to larva:

what is the causative agent of Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)?

A

A. caninum & A. braziliense

151
Q

pathology of hookworms

due to ADULT

A
  1. Epigastric discomfort
  2. malnutrition
  3. iron deficiency anemia
152
Q

N. americanus or A. duodenale

Shape: S-shaped
Buccal cavity: semilunar cutting plates
Copulatory bursa: Birpatite (2 digits Barbed/ bristle-like

A

N. americanus

153
Q

N. americanus or A. duodenale

Shape: C-shaped
Buccal cavity: 2 pairs teeth
Copulatory bursa: tripartite (3 digits) simple not barbed

A

A. duodenale

154
Q

also known as threadworms

A

S. stercoralis

155
Q

a facultative parasite, able to complete their life cycle w/ or w/o host
females are parthenogenic – asexual reproduction
males - uncommon

A

S. stercoralis

156
Q

2 different habitat of S. stercoralis

A

Free-living State: soil (indirect/heterogenic form)
Parasitic State: small intestine (direct/homogenic)

157
Q

MOT of S. stercoralis

A
  1. skin penetration of infective larva
  2. autoinfection
  3. hyperinfection
158
Q

pathology of S. stercoralis

due to larva

A
  1. Allergic rxn – at the site of penetration (Larva Currens)
  2. Pneumonitis – presenting
    Loeffler’s pneumonia (similar
    to A. lumbricoides)
159
Q

presenting Loeffler’s pneumonia (similar to A. lumbricoides)

A

pneumonitis due to larva caused by S. stercoralis

160
Q

pathology of S. stercoralis

due to ADULT

A

Conchin-china diarrhea
Vietnamese Diarrhea

161
Q
  • 1st reported among french soldiers returning to france w/ diarrhea from indo-china region
  • Intermittent diarrhea (come & go diarrhea)
  • Honeycomb appearance of intestinal mucosa
A

Conchin-china diarrhea
Vietnamese Diarrhea

162
Q

does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of their life cycle (ex. S. stercoralis)

A

facultative parasites

163
Q

cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

A

obligate parasites

164
Q

true or false

hookworm ova morphology is:
* Ovoidal, thin shelled, and colorless

*you can’t differentiate, therefore report as “Hookworm Ova” and to speciate look for the larva

A

true

165
Q

Chinese lantern appearance

A

S. stercoralis ova

166
Q

Clear thin shell, indistinguishable with hookworm ova

A

S. stercoralis ova

167
Q

its larva is tagged as SHORT and SEXY

A

Rhabditiform and filariform larva of S. stercoralis

168
Q

S. stercoralis larva that has short buccal cavity and prominent genital primordium

A

L1 & L2

169
Q

S. stercoralis larva that has notched tail, unsheathed

it’s also the infective stage

A

L3

170
Q

hookworm larva that is at:

feeding stage

A

L1 & L2

open mouth

171
Q

hookworm larva that is at:

non-feeding stage

A

L3

closed mouth

172
Q

hookworm larva:

  1. short and stout
  2. long buccal cavity
  3. short/small genital primordium
A

L1 & L2

173
Q

hookworm larva:

  1. long and slender
  2. sheathed, pointed tail
  3. infective stage
A

L3

174
Q

roundworms that do not usually inhabit the
intestines

A

extraintestinal nematodes

175
Q

group of nematodes, 6 known spp

A

filarial worms

176
Q

filarial worms habitats

A
  1. lymphatics
  2. subcutaneous tissue
  3. body cavity
177
Q

filarial worms’ final host

A

man

178
Q

filarial worms’ diagnostic stage

A

microfilaria

179
Q

filarial worms’ intermediate hosts

A

arthropod vectors

180
Q

filarial worms’ infective stage

A

IH: microfilaria
FH: filariform larva

181
Q

MOT of filaral worms

A

Vector Borne – arthropods

182
Q

essential for the growth of parasite

A

biologic vector

183
Q

no parasite dev’t, only purpose is to transmit parasite from one organism to another

A

Phoretic / Mechanical Vector

184
Q

truly pathogenic filarial worms

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa
Loa, Onchocerca volvulus

185
Q

enumerate 6 known spp of extraintesinal nematodes

6 filarial worms

A
  1. Wuchereria bancrofti
  2. Brugia malayi
  3. Loa Loa
  4. Onchocerca volvulus
  5. Mansonella perstans
  6. Mansonella ozzardi
186
Q

non-pathogenic extraintestinal nematodes

A

Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi

187
Q

extraintestinal nematodes habitat: lympahatic

A

Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi

188
Q

Malayan FW

A

Brugia malayi

189
Q

Bancroft’s FW

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

190
Q

Most prevalent extraintestinal specie

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

191
Q

Most commonly identified
sp of FW that infects man
Most common sp. in PH

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

192
Q

most common specie of extraintestinal nematode in PH

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

193
Q

vectors: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

194
Q

vectors: mansonia, anopheles

A

Brugia malayi

195
Q

filarial worms that has sheathed microfilaria

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi
  • Loa Loa
196
Q

microfilaria:

sheathed
absent nuclei in tail

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

197
Q

microfilaria:

sheathed
2 separate nuclei in tail

A

Brugia malayi

198
Q

microfilaria:

sheathed
continuous nuclei up to the tail

A

Loa Loa

199
Q

spx for filarial worms with sheathed microfilaria

A

blood

200
Q

brugia malayi periodicity

A

subperiodic nocturnal

201
Q

wuchereria bancrofti periodicity

A

nocturnal

202
Q

loa loa periodicity

A

diurnal

203
Q

LOWER elephantiasis

A

Bancroftian filariasis

204
Q

UPPER elephantiasis

A

Malayan filariasis

205
Q

2nd leading cause of permanent /long term disability (PH)

1st is psychiatric illness

A

lymphatic filariasis

206
Q

enlargement / hardening of limbs due to tx swelling

A

Elephantiasis

207
Q

pathology w. bancrofti & b. malayi

due to microfilaria

A

Tropic Pulmonary Eosinophilia
* Asthmatic attack
* Inc. eos count
* High IgE Ab lvl

208
Q

due to microfilaria

  • Asthmatic attack
  • Inc. eos count
  • High IgE Ab lvl
A

Tropic Pulmonary
Eosinophilia

209
Q

pathology w. bancrofti & b. malayi

due to adult

A
  • Elephantiasis
  • Genito-urinary lesion - chronic, hydrocele
210
Q

common name: timorian filariasis

A

brugia timori

211
Q

vector of b. timori

A

Mosquito (anopheles sp)

212
Q

emerging specie of brugia

A

brugia timori

213
Q

true or false

the microfilaria of b. timori is the same with b. malayi but LARGER

A

true

214
Q

Occurs in Indonesian archipelago (timor and flores islands)

A

b. timori

215
Q

“worm-worm”
Eye worm

A

Loa Loa

216
Q

Vectors:
Fly (Chrysops spp.)
◦ Tabanid fly
◦ Mango fly
◦ Deer fly

A

Loa Loa

217
Q

These filarial worms inhabits the subcutaneus tissues

A

Loa Loa
Onchocerca volvulus

218
Q
  • Convoluted worm
  • Blinding worm
  • River Blindness
  • Gale filarienne
A

Onchocerca
volvulus

219
Q

vector: black fly (simulium spp.)

A

Onchocerca
volvulus

220
Q

Calabar swelling or fugitive swelling
Swelling of subcutaneous tx

A

Loa Loa

221
Q

2nd most common cause of preventive blindness (1st is trachoma caused by T. trachomatis)

River blindness – black fly lives near river – causes ocular lesions

Leading cause of blindness in endemic areas

A

Onchocerca
volvulus

222
Q

2nd most common cause of preventive blindness

(1st is trachoma caused by T. trachomatis)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

223
Q

spx of Onchocerca volvulus

A

skin snips

224
Q

Leading cause of
blindness in endemic
areas

causes river blindness - ocular lesions

A

Onchocera volvulus

225
Q
  • Perstans filarial
  • Dipetalonema perstans (old name)
A

Mansonella perstans

226
Q

new world filaria

A

Mansonella ozzardi

227
Q

extra-intestinal nematodes that inhabits body cavities

A

Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi

228
Q

vector: Biting Midges or Gnats (Culicoides spp.)

A

Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi

229
Q

unsheathed microfilaria

A

Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi

230
Q

unsheathed, no nuclei in tail

A

Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi

231
Q

unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip

A

Mansonella perstans

232
Q

True or False

Out of 6 filarial worms, Onchocerca volvulus is the only one the differs in terms of spx for dx

A

True

Onchocerca volvulus - skin snips
*the rest spx = BLOOD

233
Q

for demonstration of live microfilaria

A

wet smears

234
Q

commonly done, method of choice as it can demonstrate structures of microfilaria

A

Giemsa-stained blood smears

235
Q

an anti-parasitic drug w/c stimulates microfilaria to come out to the peripheral circulation, given before blood collection (3mg/kg BW)

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) provocative test

236
Q

antigen detection technique

detecting CFA - Circulating Filarial Antigen

A

Immunochromatography

237
Q

2 conc techniques of extraintestinal nematodes lab dx

A

Membrane Filtration
Knott’s Technique

238
Q

swinney filter, everything are not filtered except for MICROFILARIAE

A

Membrane Filtration

239
Q

Knott’s Technique reagent

give also reagent purpose

A

2% formalin

purpose – HEMOLYSIS, to easily visualize microfilariae

240
Q

Performed to recover microfilariae from sample

reagent: 2% formalin

A

Knott’s Technique

241
Q

dog heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

242
Q

NH: DOGS
IH: Mosquitoes
MOT: Vector-borne
Infective Stage: FILARIFORM larva

A

Dirofilaria immitis

dog heartworm

243
Q

habitat:

Circulatory system of dogs (when MAN is infected this parasite also resides in pulmonary tract or LUNGS)

A

Dirofilaria immitis

dog heartworm

244
Q

Produce solitary, peripheral
nodules in the lesions (coin
lungs)

A

dog heartworm

Dirofilaria immitis

245
Q

Herring’s worm
Common in Japan

A

Anisakis spp.

246
Q

Natural hosts: Whales, dolphins, MAN (definitive hosts)

A

Anisakis spp.

247
Q

Three intermediate hosts:
1. Copepods
2. Small fishes
3. Larger fishes
(salmon)

A

Anisakis spp.

248
Q

Habitat of Anisakis spp

A

inside the GUT

249
Q

Ingestion of raw fish with infective larva (common in japan = sashimi)

A

Anisakis

250
Q

Abdominal pain and granuloma migrating larva in intestinal wal

common in japan

A

Anisakis spp

251
Q

Muscle worm
Trichina worm

A

Trichinella spiralis

252
Q

IH & FH: pig, rant, man (dead-end host)

A

Trichinella spiralis

253
Q

IH and FH of Trichinella spiralis

A

Pig, Rat, MAN (dead-end host)

254
Q

Trichinella spiralis adult habitat

A

small intestine

255
Q

Trichinella spiralis larva habitat

A

skeletal muscle

256
Q

Inf. & Dx Stage of Trichinella spiralis

A

Encysted larva

257
Q

Ingestion of Encysted Larva from intermediate host
◦ Improperly cooked meat

A

Trichinella spiralis

258
Q

Trichinella spiralis adult

w/ conical papilae

A

male

259
Q

Trichinella spiralis adult

w/ club-shaped uterus

A

female

260
Q

true or false

Trichinella spiralis are viviparous therefore NO OVA morph as it
won’t be recovered

A

true

261
Q

Encysted Coiled larva in the nurse cells of striated muscles

A

Trichinella spiralis larva

262
Q

only cells capable of supporting trichinella

A

Nurse cells

263
Q

great imitator

A

TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS /
TRICHINOSIS

264
Q

TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS / TRICHINOSIS

Due to adult

A

Diarrhea
Abdominal Pain

Nonspecific symptoms
General symptoms

265
Q

TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS / TRICHINOSIS

Due to LARVA

A

Eosinophilia
Muscle pain at site of encystation, edema
* Eyelid edema

266
Q

Muscle BIOPSY

Enumerate the 3 immunotests

A
  1. Bentonite Flocculation Test
  2. Intradermal Bachmann Test
  3. Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
267
Q

uses test animal (albino
rats) which are fed with infected muscle samples

A

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

268
Q

trichinella extract is injected intradermally, swelling of area means Ab presence

A

Intradermal Bachmann Test

269
Q

serologic test to detect T. spiralis Ab in px serum

A

Bentonite Flocculation Test

270
Q
  • Guinea worm
  • Dragon worm
  • Medina worm
  • Fiery serpent of Israelites
A

Dracunculus medinensis

271
Q

FNAL HOST OF MEDINA WORM

A

MAN

272
Q

intermediate host of dragon worm

A

crustaceans
* copepods
* cyclops

273
Q

habitat of guinea worm

A

adult subcutaneous tissues

274
Q

MOT of fiery serpent of isralites

A

ingestion of infected copepods

275
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

coiled anterior end

A

adult male

276
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

prominent rounded anterior end

A

adult female

277
Q

Causes lesions in subcutaneous tx, dx not helpful, ONLY TX IS IMPORTANT- manual removal of worm from lesions

A

DRACUNCULIASIS OR GUINEA WORM DISEASE

278
Q

The following are treatment for
1. Immersion of affected body partto water
2. Wound is cleaned
3. Worm extraction
4. Topical antibiotics
5. Aspirin / Ibuprofen prescription

A

guinea worm disease

DRACUNCULIASIS

279
Q

TX DRACUNCULIASIS

A
  1. Immersion of affected body partto water
  2. Wound is cleaned
  3. Worm extraction
  4. Topical antibiotics
  5. Aspirin / Ibuprofen prescription
280
Q

Rat lungworm

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis (old name)
Parastrongylus cantonensis (new name)

281
Q

new name rat lungworm

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

282
Q

old name rat lungworm

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

283
Q

FH of rat lungworm

A

rats

284
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis intermediate hosts

A

Mollusks (SNAIL)
* Pila luzonica (KUHOL)
* Brotia asperata (SUSO)

285
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis inhabits the _?

A

CNS

286
Q

rat lungworm adult female appearance

*dx stage is adult worm specifically adult female

A

“barber’s pole appearance”

287
Q

dx stage of rat lungworm

A

Adult worm – specifically ADULT FEMALE as it have uterine tubules in spiral arrangements
“barber’s pole appearance”

288
Q

infective stage of rat lungworm / Angiostrongylus cantonensis / Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

larva

289
Q

MOT of rat lungworm

A

Ingestion of intermediate hosts with infective larva

290
Q

causes Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

where larva migrates to the brain and spinal cord

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis (old name) / Parastrongylus cantonensis (new name)

291
Q

what infection will give greatest number of eosinophil count?

A

trichinella spiralis

292
Q

HOOKWORM AND STRONGYLOIDES

Recovery of NEMATODE LARVA

A

HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE

293
Q

HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE L1 & L2 INCUBATION PERIOD

A

48-72 HRS

294
Q

HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE L3 INCUBATION PERIOD

A

UP TO 7 DAYS

295
Q

MOST IMPORTANT PRECAUTION OF HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE

A

ALWAYS WEAR PPE

!!!GLOVES!!!

296
Q

LAB DX FOR S. STERCORALIS ONLY

A

Beale’s String test

297
Q

TRUE OR FALSE FOR BEALE’S STRING TEST

Duodenal aspiration technique, also useful for recovery the ff:
* S. s ova & larva
* G. lamblia trophozoite
* Cryptosporidium spp. (parvum) - oocyst
* Isospora / Cystoisospora belli (new name)
* Fasciola hepatica ova
* Clonorchis sinensis

A

TRUE

298
Q

Useful for recovery of S. strongyloides ova and larva

A

BEALE’S STRING TEST

299
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

HOOKWORMS CAUSES IDA

A

TRUE

300
Q

CAUSES MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC IDA

A

TRICHURIASIS

301
Q

gives infected px coin lesions

A

D. immitis

302
Q

ansaki spp. definitive host

A

man

303
Q

ansaki spp natural hosts

A

whales
dolphins

304
Q

dead-end host of trichinella spiralis. why?

A

man

mot: ingestion of encysted larva from intermediate host

dead-end host kasi wala namang kumakain ng tao unless cannibal yan sha

305
Q

an immunotest which uses albino rats

A

beck’s xenodiagnosis

306
Q

a nematodes causing bloody diarrhea

A

T. trichiura

307
Q

intermittent diarrhea

A

due to adult S. stercoralis

conchin-china diarrhea or vietnamese diarrhea

(come and go diarrhea)

308
Q

appearance of intestinal mucosa of a px suffering from vietnamese diarrhea

A

honey comb appearance

309
Q

larva currens

A

allergic reaction at the site of penetration due to larva of S. stercoralis

310
Q

a nematode presenting pathology similar with Ascaris pneumonitis

A

pneumonitis presenting loeffler’s pneumonia due to larva of S. stercoralis

MTAP (11 decks)

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