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FUN > E. Biology and Physiology > Flashcards

E. Biology and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Where is the ribosomal RNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleolus

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3
Q

Where are ribosomes making proteins for EXPORT from the cell located in eukaryotic cells?

A

rER

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4
Q

Where is the site where proteins may be glycosylated in eukaryotic cells?

A

Golgi apparatus/complex

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5
Q

Where is the location where proteins for transport TO the nucleus are made in eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

Where is the site where proteins may be broken down in eukaryotic cells?

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

What is extrachromosomal DNA and where is it found in human cells?

A

DNA that exists outside the main chromosome and acts independently.
Mitochondria

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8
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Water + inorganic ions and small organic molecules in the cell

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

the cytosol + organelles of the cell, within the cytoplasmic membrane but excludes the nuclues.

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10
Q

How does complexity of structure and function change as we move from viruses to larger cells, e.g. animal cells?

A

They become more complex

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11
Q

How is the baility to change and evolve affected when a we move from a virus to larger cells. e.g. animal cells

A

The ability decreases

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12
Q

Where s the lamina in a nucleus and what is its function?

A

It lines the surface of the inner nuclear membrane and it is a nework of protein fibres which help maintain structural intergrity

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13
Q

Which organelles in animal cells are double menrand?

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

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14
Q

Explain the structure of chromosomes?

A

Chromosome

Chromatids joined at the centromere (chromatids are the halves)
=
Chromatin =
Histone proteins wrapped
around DNA strand

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15
Q

What are the different forms of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin (tightly packed) AND Euchromatin (loosely packed)

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16
Q

What are functions of euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin is where gene transcription occurs and heterochromatin is very condensed so no gene transcription occurs here.

17
Q

What are the rotatory directions by optical rotation of plane polarised light?

A
  • Dextrorotatory (D/clockwise)
  • Laevorotatory (L/anticlockwise)
18
Q

What is the meaning of isoelectric point of an amino acid?

A

The pH at which the amino acid becomes neutrally charged

19
Q

How to amino acids usually exist?

A

As zwitterions

20
Q

What is a structural motif in proteins?

A

a common 3D feature which is present in a variety of UNRELATED molecules

21
Q

What does conformation change mean in terms of proteins?

A

Change in the 3D structure of a protein

22
Q

What si prosthetic group in proteins?

A

The non-amino acid component

23
Q

What does allosteric mean in terms of proteins?

A

The binding of a molecule to one part of the protein influences the binding to other regions of the protein

24
Q

What are the different ways enzymes work?

A
  1. Oxidoreductases - Transfer of electrons
  2. Transferases- Transfer of functional groups between molecules
  3. Hydrolases- Hydrolysis reactions
  4. Lyases- Cleavage of bonds, often forming a double bond
  5. Isomerases- Transfer of groups within a molecule
  6. Ligases- Bond formation coupled to ATP hydrolysis
25
Q

What is domain in terms of proteins?

A

Distinct functional and/or structural regions in a protein, and t often function and fold independently from the rest of the protein.

26
Q

What do cell membrane proteins do?

A

used for transportation, scommunication, recognistion and structural support

27
Q

What are the different types of co-transporter proteins?

A

uniport-carries a molecule unidirectionally
symport- two molecules simultaneously in the same directon
antiport- 2 moleclues simultaneously in opposite directions (one in and one out)

28
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A
  • steepness of concentration gradient
  • size or mass of diffusing substance
  • SA
  • diffusion distane
29
Q

What are the differences on each side of the membrane which affect transport by diffusion?

A

Chemical and electrical differences

30
Q

What is proton motive force (PMF)?

A

Energy gradient due to more h+ out of the membrane

31
Q

ABC transporter meaning

A

ATP Binding Cassette transporter

32
Q

What are bacterial transport systems?

A

Translocases

due to the cell wall they do not transport via exo/endo cytosis

33
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

uptake of extra-cellular fluid via small membrane vesicles OR Cell drinking

34
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis involves the protein…which has been mostly studied for the uptake of cholestrol

A

Clathrin

35
Q

What are the two adhesion molecules which allow ceel to sense their enrionment

A

cadherins and integrins

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