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MSK test 2 > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system & endocrine system are in charge of…

A

maintaining the homeostasis

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2
Q

the nervous system is responsible for:

A
  • behaviours
  • memories
  • movements
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3
Q

3 basic functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensing changes with sensory receptors
  2. interpreting and remembering those changes
  3. reacting to those changes with effector
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4
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

the CNS consists of the…

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

the PNS consists of…

A

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ganglia and nerve plexuses

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7
Q

the peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into…

A

afferent (sensory) division and an efferent (motor) division

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8
Q

the afferent or sensory division transmits impulses from…

A

peripheral organs to the CNS

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9
Q

the efferent or motor division transmits impulses from…

A

the CNS to the peripheral organs to cause as effect or action

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10
Q

the efferent or motor division is subdivided into the…

A

somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

somatic nervous system supplies motor impulses to the…

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

autonomic nervous system supplies motor impulses to the…

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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13
Q

another name for the autonomic nervous system

A

visceral motor

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14
Q

the autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into…

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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15
Q

enteric nervous system?

A

one of the main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract

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16
Q

what are somatic senses:

A

touch, temperature, tickle, itch, pain, proprioception, pressure, vibration

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17
Q

what are special senses:

A

smell, sight, taste, hearing, balance

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18
Q

what are visceral senses:

A

pain, stretch of organ wall, blood pressure, pH of fluids within lumen, osmolarity of fluids

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19
Q

somatic motor?

A

voluntarily control of skeletal muscles

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20
Q

autonomic motor?

A

involuntarily control of smooth cardiac muscles

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21
Q

the brain consists of 4 structures which are

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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22
Q

the brainstem includes…

A
  • the midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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23
Q

the CNS processes…

A

the incoming sensory and outgoing motor messages and is involved in higher mental activities such as learning memory, and reasoning

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24
Q

the nervous tissue in the CNS is organized as…

A

gray and white matter

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25
Q

gray matter comprises…

A

nerve cell bodies, bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres, and non-neuronal supportive cells, the glial cells or neuroglia

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26
Q

white matter consists of…

A

bundles of myelinated nerve fibres known as tracts or fasciculi

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27
Q

in the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds…

A

the gray matter

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28
Q

in the brain, the gray matter surrounds…

A

the white matter

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29
Q

the outer shell of gray matter in the brain is called?

A

the cortex

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30
Q

what is a cluster of nerve cell bodies embedded within the CNS called?

A

nucleus

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31
Q

what is a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS called

A

ganglion

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32
Q

what are the two cells of the nervous tissue

A

neuroglia and neurons

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33
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

it support cells of the nervous system
nourish and clean up after neurons
lower order functions

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34
Q

what are neurons?

A

functional unit of nervous system

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35
Q

white matter inside the CNS are called?

A

tracts

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36
Q

white matter inside the PNS are called

A

nerves or fasciculus

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37
Q

what is the outermost layer of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex

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38
Q

the cerebral cortex is divided into…

A

right and left hemispheres

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39
Q

why is the cerebral cortex folded?

A

to increase surface area for information processing

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40
Q

what are the bumps/folds of the cortex called?

A

gyri

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41
Q

what are the grooves/indentations called?

A

sulci

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42
Q

what divides the hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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43
Q

what are the 4 main lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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44
Q

what are some general functions of the frontal lobe?

A

cognition, control of voluntary movement, motor production of speech

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45
Q

what is the special sensation of the frontal lobe?

A

smell

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46
Q

what are the general functions of the parietal lobe?

A

processes sensory information

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47
Q

what is the special sensation of the parietal lobe?

A

taste

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48
Q

what are the general functions of the temporal lobe?

A

processes memories

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49
Q

what is the special sensation of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory information

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50
Q

what is the general function of the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual sensation

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51
Q

what is the special sensation of the occipital lobe?

A

sight

52
Q

what is the central sulcus

A

the sulcus separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

53
Q

what is the lateral sulcus?

A

the sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

54
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

the sulcus separating the parietal and occipital lobes

55
Q

what are the clusters of nuclei within the white matter of the cerebrum called?

A

basal ganglia (nuclei)

56
Q

what are the main components of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate and lenticular (putamen and globus pallidus) nuclei
- involved in coordination of motor function

57
Q

what are the 3 groups of nerve bundles?

A

association fibres, commissural fibres, and projectional fibres

58
Q

what are association fibres?

A

join the different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

59
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

fibres that connect different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere

60
Q

what is the most extensive commissural fibre bundle

A

corpus callosum

61
Q

where is the corpus callosum located?

A

at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure

62
Q

what are projectional fibres

A

the ascending and descending fibres connecting the cortex to the lower centers of the CNS

63
Q

what are the 3 major areas in each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • primary sensory areas
  • primary motor area
  • association areas
64
Q

general idea about the primary sensory areas
from the receptor ->. ->. ->. ->

A

a course of peripheral nerve, a pathway (tract), thalamus, appropriate cortical area for the perception of the sense

65
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area located?

A

the postcentral gyrus

66
Q

where is the primary visual area located?

A

occipital lobe

67
Q

where is the primary auditory area located?

A

upper portion of the temporal lobe

68
Q

where is the primary gustatory area located? taste

A

insula (insular lobe)

69
Q

where is the primary olfactory area located?

A

medial aspect of the temporal lobe

70
Q

where is the insula located?

A

right under the lateral sulcus

71
Q

where is the primary motor area located?

A

frontal lobe

72
Q

where is the primary motor area specifically located?

A

precentral gyrus

73
Q

what is the primary motor area responsible for?

A

conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

74
Q

the primary motor area receives input from:

A
  • premotor area and supplementary motor areas
  • sensory cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
75
Q

what is the motor homunculus (little man)

A

the motor control to different parts of the body comes from the appropriate part of the brain

76
Q

the size of the body parts is ? to the degree of fine motor control allotted to those parts

A

proportional

77
Q

where is the premotor area located?

A

located in the frontal lobe in front of the precentral gyrus

78
Q

what is premotor area used for?

A

where you store your patterns of movement

79
Q

where is the frontal eye field (FEF) located?

A

in front of the premotor area of the frontal lobe

80
Q

what is the frontal eye field responsible for?

A

controls the voluntary, synchronized movement of the eyeballs

81
Q

where is the Broca’s Area located?

A

at the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe

82
Q

broca’s area is almost always found on which side of the brain?

A

left side of the brain

83
Q

what is broca responsible for?

A

generating motor signals for the vocal apparatus

84
Q

what happens when the broca’s area is injured?

A

the patient understands the speech but cannot speak

85
Q

where is the wernicke’s area located?

A

around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus in the left temporoparietal junction

86
Q

what is wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

understanding of language

87
Q

what happens to someone with wernicke’s aphasia?

A

patient has empty, fluent speech and a loss of speech comprehension

88
Q

what is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

the white matter tract that connected broca’s and wernicke’s area

89
Q

what happens when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged?

A

conduction aphasia = difficulty repeating heard speech

90
Q

what are association areas?

A

association areas are adjacent to the primary areas and are connected to the primary area by the association fibres

91
Q

what is the somatosensory association area?

A
  • located behind the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe
  • integrates and interprets general sensations
  • compares objects by their shapes and interprets the position of body parts relative to the rest of the body
  • also stores information in long-term memory
92
Q

what is astereognosis (astereognosia)

A

a lesion in the somatosensory association area that causes the inability to recognize an object placed in the hand

93
Q

what is the visual association area

A

it surrounds the primary visual area in the occipital lobe and it gives meaning and interpretation to what we see

94
Q

what is the auditory association area?

A

it is located adjacent to the primary auditory area on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus, which enables us to interpret the sounds we hear and give them meaning

95
Q

what is the common integrative area

A
  • located among the sensory, visual, and auditory association areas
  • integrates signals it receives from primary areas and redirects those signals into other parts of the brain where it generally creates thoughts and ideas that we understand and then voluntarily look for the most appropriate responses
96
Q

where is the diencephalon located?

A

between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

97
Q

what does the diencephalon include?

A

thalami, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

98
Q

what is the thalamus and its function?

A

thalamus plays a crucial role in many brain functions, serving as a processing and distribution centre, relaying and regulating information from the outside world and the internal milieu to the cerebral cortex
- the thalamus relays all sense except smell to certain sensory areas

99
Q

what is the hypothalamus and its functions?

A

hypothalamus functions as the center of the autonomic nervous system, thus controlling emotions, body temperature, eating, drinking…etc.
- it also regulates the function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland

100
Q

what is the epithalamus?

A

it is a small region posterior and superior to the thalamus, mainly consisting of the pineal gland

101
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

regulates the circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin

102
Q

what is the worm-like structure that connects the cerebellar hemispheres in the cerebellum?

A

vermis

103
Q

what connects the brainstem to the cerebellum?

A

3 cerebellar peduncles

104
Q

superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus

105
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

connect the pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum

106
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

carry bundles of axons travelling between the medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts

107
Q

what is interposed nucleus?

A

globose and ebnoliform together

108
Q

what is folia?

A

the folds in the cerebellar cortex on the surface of the cerebellum

109
Q

what are the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance

110
Q

what is the brainstem composed of?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

111
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord
  2. it contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves II to XII
  3. it regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival, such as respiration
112
Q

what does the midbrain connect?

A

the pons and the diencephalon

113
Q

What is the crus cerebri?

A

the columns on the anterior aspect of the midbrain

114
Q

what is the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

located at the posterior aspect of the midbrain which is the relay center for the visual and auditory reflexes

115
Q

what is the red nucleus?

A

associated with the rubrospinal tract as part of the extrapyramidal pathways

116
Q

what is the substantia nigra

A

functionally linked to the basal ganglia regulating voluntary movements

117
Q

what is the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

A

located around the cerebral aqueduct is a site of production of natural painkillers

118
Q

what is the basilar sulcus?

A

the anterior surface of the pons and is occupied by the basilar artery

119
Q

medulla oblongata is located where?

A

separated from the pons by the ponto-medullary sulcus and the spinal cord

120
Q

what is the pyramid?

A

an elevation anteriorly on the medulla

121
Q

what is the olive?

A

the lateral elevation of the medulla

122
Q

what is at the junction of medulla and spinal cord?

A

decussation of pyramids

123
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

it is a collection of nuclei running vertically throughut the brainstem in 3 columns

124
Q

how does the brain prevent sensory overload?

A

one of the reticular formations task is to filter out incoming sensory signals

125
Q

list some of the functions of the reticular formation

A
  • control of skeletal muscle
  • pain modulation
  • control of autonomic and endocrine systems
  • circadian rhythms
  • consciousness
126
Q

what is the RAS system?

A

the reticular activating system responds to some stimuli, potentially disrupting a relatively constant flow and unchanged level of intensity of incoming signals
- a general anesthetics work to suppress this system

MSK test 2 (6 decks)

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