ENDOCRINOLOGY NOTES

Question 1

the study of hormones, the endocrine system, and their physiological role in the body

Answer 1

Endocrinology

Question 2

secretes its products into the interstitial fluid and the blood

Answer 2

Endocrine Gland

Question 3

a chemical messenger released from living cells that travels through the blood to target cells and induces a biological effect or response

Answer 3

Hormone

Question 4

cells with receptors to specific hormones
only cells with specific receptor will react with a specific hormone

Answer 4

Target Cells

Question 5

Hormone receptors
In or on the surface of the cell membrane: ___________________________
In the cell cytoplasm: _______________
In the cell nucleus: ________________

Answer 5

peptide and catecholamine hormones
steroid hormones;
thyroid hormones

Question 6

may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood in the absence of ducts

Answer 6

Glands

Question 7

Two major types of glands

Answer 7

endocrine glands
exocrine glands

Question 8

glands with ducts products pass out of the cell and away from the gland by means of ducts into a luminal area

Answer 8

Exocrine Glands

Question 9

products are released from the cell, passed directly into the circulation, and are
carried by the blood to body tissues and eventually target cells

Answer 9

Endocrine Glands

Question 10

interaction between secreted chemical messenger with a receptor on the same type of cell that synthesized it

Answer 10

Autocrine

Question 11

interaction of a secreted chemical messenger with receptors on adjacent cells on the
same tissue

Answer 11

Paracrine

Question 12

example of Autocrine

Answer 12

Example: insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)

Question 13

example of paracrine

Answer 13

Example: somatostatin secretion inhibits insulin secretion

Question 14

expressed on surface of effector cell and interacts with target cell via direct cell-cell
contact

Answer 14

Juxtacrine

Question 15

Example of juxtacrine

Answer 15

Example: cell adhesion proteins (laminin)

Question 16

secretes own hormone that acts inside the same cell, regulating intracellular events

Answer 16

Intracrine

Question 17

one organism releases a substance (pheromone) that causes a response in another
organism

Answer 17

Ectocrine

Question 18

a chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and carried in the blood to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity

Answer 18

Endocrine

Question 19

Principal Functions of the Endocrine System

Answer 19

• maintenance of the internal environment in the body (homeostasis)
  Examples: PTH and insulin
• integration and regulation of growth and development
• control, maintenance, and instigation of sexual reproduction

Question 20

Types of Hormones

Answer 20

• Peptide Hormones
• Steroid Hormones
• Amine Hormones

Question 21

Derived from cholesterol which are rapidly mobilized

Answer 21

• Steroid Hormones

Question 22

• Peptide Hormones
  May contain ________________ (TRH: 3; GH: 200)
  ___________; no need for transport proteins
  Synthesized in _________; stored in ________
  Secretion: ___________
  __________,_________half-life

Answer 22

3 to 200 amino acids
Water soluble
ribosomes; vesicles
exocytosis
fast acting; short

Question 23

Hydrophobic/lipophilic; require specific transport proteins as carriers

Answer 23

• Steroid Hormones

Question 24

• Steroid Hormones
  Secretion: ___________________
  ___________; ______half-life

Answer 24

diffusion across cell membrane
slow-acting; longer half-life

Question 25

(behave like peptides; cell surface receptors)

Answer 25

Catecholamines

Question 26

(behave like steroids; nuclear receptors)

Answer 26

Thyroid hormones

Question 27

behave like protein hormones because they circulate
unbound to protein, have a short half-life, and have a similar mechanism
of action

Answer 27

Catecholamines

Question 28

have a long half-life, circulate bound to a carrier
protein, and have a mechanism of action similar to steroids

Answer 28

Thyroid hormones

Question 29

• Substrate control

Answer 29

Example: glucose and insulin

Question 30

• Nervous control

Answer 30

Example: adrenal medulla hormones

Question 31

• Tropic hormones

Answer 31

Example: release of hormones by anterior pituitary to stimulate other glands (e.g., ACTH to adrenal cortex)