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Histology & Embryology > Development part 2 (quiz 5) > Flashcards

Development part 2 (quiz 5) Flashcards

1
Q

In follicular development, one of the growing follicles gains primacy and continues to enlarge by absorbing fluid, whereas the remainder of the follicles recruited during the cycle degenerate and undergo…

A

Atresia

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2
Q

In follicular development, the oocyte is surrounded by a small mass of follicle cells called the….

A

Cumulus oophorus

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3
Q

In follicular development, what is the surface of the oocyte called?

A

Zona pellucida

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4
Q

In follicular development, the large, swollen follicle is now called a mature vesicular follicle or a mature _____________ follicle. At this point, the oocyte still has not resumed meiosis II

A

Graafian

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5
Q

On day 13-14 of the menstrual cycle, what hormones rise causing meiosis II to resume?

A

FSH and LH

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6
Q

During ovulation, the germinal vesicle breaks down and the ___________ cells loose cell cell contact

A

cumulus

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7
Q

During ovulation, the oocyte moves into the ________ cavity

A

antral

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8
Q

During ovulation, the follicle is displaced to the surface of the ovary, where it will form a bulge. Smooth muscle cells in the follicle wall plus the release of enzymes in the region causes the follicle to rupture. The oocyte accompanied by a large number of investing cumulus cells bound in _________________ matrix, is slowly extruded onto the surface of the ovary

A

hyaluronic acid

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9
Q

After ovulation, membrane granulosa cells of the ruptured follicular wall begin to proliferate and give rise to the luteal cells of the….

A

corpus luteum

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10
Q

The corpus luteum produces what to maintain pregnancy and get pregnant?

A

progesterone

its a chemical messenger that causes the endometrium to get ready for pregnancy by becoming thick and secretory

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11
Q

If an embryo does not implant in the uterus, the corpus luteum degenerates after about 14 days and is converted to a scar-like structure called the….

A

corpus albicans

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12
Q

Before ovulation, fimbriae of the uterine tube sweep over the surface of the ovary, and the tube contracts rhythmically. It is thought that the oocyte is carried into the tube by these sweep movements of the fimbriae and by motion of cilia on the epithelial lining. Once in the tube, cumulus cells withdraw their cytoplasmic processes from the ________________ and lose contact with the oocyte

A

zona pellucida

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13
Q

Once the oocyte is in the uterine tube, it is propelled by _________________ of the tube and by cilia in the tubal mucosa

A

peristaltic muscular contractions

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14
Q

During fertilization, genetic material from a sperm and a secondary oocyte merge to form a _________________

A

single diploid nucleus

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15
Q

Where does sperm encounter an ovulated oocyte?

A

in the ampulla of the uterine tube

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16
Q

How long is the secondary oocyte viable for?

A

20 hours

evidence shows that the oocyte releases a chemotropic factor that attracts the sperm

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17
Q

Spermatozoa are not able to fertilize the oocyte immediately upon arrival in the female genital tract but must undergo _______________ and the acrosome reaction to acquire this capability

A

capacitation

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18
Q

What are the 2 parts of capacitation?

A

1) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes at the end of meiosis II, a spermatid is made and then undergoes shape change (spermiogenisis) which gives spermatozoa a tail that will mix with chemicals from the prostate, seminal gland, and bulbourethral glands which will form ejaculate for the sperm to float

note: the flagella/tail of sperm is not active until part 2

2) sperm meets with the female reproductive tract and the flagella/tail of sperm is activated with ATP

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19
Q

For fertilization to occur, a sperm first must penetrate 2 layers. What are they?

A

1) corona radiata (the granulosa cells that surround the secondary oocyte)
2) zona pellucida (the clear glycoprotein layer between the corona radiata and the ooctye’s plasma membrane)

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20
Q

Is the sperm nucleus haploid or diploid? What is this nucleus called?

A

haploid male pronucleus ( w/ 23 chromosomes)

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21
Q

What are the 3 phases of fertilization?

A

1) penetration of corona radiata
2) penetration of the zona pellucida
3) fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes

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22
Q

The acrosome is a helmet-like structure that covers the head of a sperm and contains several enzymes. Acrosomal enzymes and strong tail movements by the sperm help it penetrate the cells of the corona radiata. The 2 important enzymes are hyaluronidase and proteases. One of the glycoproteins in the zona pellucida, called ZP3, acts as a….

A

sperm receptor

23
Q

Permeability of zona pellucida changes when the head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface. This contact results in the release of lysosomal enzymes from the cortical granules lining the plasma membrane of the oocyte.

This means that the first sperm head to bind to ZP3 causes a cortical reaction, making zona pellucida impermeable to any other sperm- “hardening of shell”. What does this prevent?

A

polyspermy, which is multiple sperm

if polyspermy does occur, then meiosis II for the secondary oocyte will not work properly

24
Q

Acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm create gaps in the corona radiata. A single sperm then makes contact with the oocyte membrane and membrane fusion occurs, triggering oocyte activation and…..

A

completion of meiosis II

25
Q

In fertilization, after adhesion, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg fuse. Because the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap disappears during the acrosome reaction and the actual fusion is accomplished between the…..

A

oocyte membrane and the membrane that covers the sperm head

26
Q

As soon as the spermatozoon has entered the oocyte, the oocyte responds in 3 ways:

A

1) cortical and zona reactions (the membrane becomes impenetrable and the zona hardens. This event prevents polyspermy)
2) meiosis II is resumed and completed and a female pronucleus is formed
3) egg is activated metabolically

note: that the head of the sperm forms a male pronucleus as well

27
Q

What is a real gamete?

A

cell w/ 1 nucleus

28
Q

What are the female products at the end of meiosis II?

A

mature oocyte (ovum) + polar body

29
Q

2 nuclei =

A

pronuclei

30
Q

What are the main results of fertilization?

A
31
Q

After penetration of the oocyte by the sperm, the nuclei of the oocyte and sperm will swell within the zygote and are called the….

A

female and male pronuclei

32
Q

define amphimixis

A

joining of the 2 pronuclei

33
Q

Within 24 hours after fertilization, the zygote fertilized egg initiated a rapid series of mitotic cell divisions called….

A

cleavage divisions

its called this because the daughter cells dont stay in interphase very long

34
Q

Cleavage divisions are not accompanied by cell growth, so they subdivide the larger zygote into many smaller daughter cells called….

A

blastomeres

note: the embryo remains enclosed in the zona pellucida and does not increase in size

35
Q

The 1st cleavage division divides the zygote to produce ______ daughter cells. The 2nd division, which is complete at about 40 hours after fertilization, produces _____ equal/identical blastomeres.

A

2, 4

by day 3, the embryo consists of 6-12 cells and by 4 days, it consists of 16 -32 cells

36
Q

What are totipotent? What does this mean?

A

blastomeres are totipotent, which means they can become absolutely anything

37
Q

Are polar bodies the product of meiosis I, II, or both?

A

both

38
Q

What is a morula?

A

solid ball of cells that looks like a mulberry

39
Q

An advanced morula turns into what?

A

inner cell mass (ICM)

40
Q

What is a blastocoele?

A

a cavity

41
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

hollow ball of cells with a cavity and 2 populations of cells

42
Q

______________ and _______ within the uterine tube move the developing embryo towards the uterus (day 1-2)

A

peristalsis, cilia

43
Q

T/F: At each stage, the embryo is called an “#” celled embryo

A

true

44
Q

3-4 days after fertilization, cells of the compacted embryo divide again to form a 16 cell morula. By 4 days of development, the morula, consisting now of about 30 cells, begins to….

A

absorb fluid

45
Q

About the time the morula enters the uterine cavity, the embryo is a….

A

blastocyst

46
Q

When the embryo is a solid ball of cells, the ________, each cell is identical. These cells are called _______________

A

morula, blastomeres

47
Q

_______________ starts to segregate the inner cells of the morula, and the outer cells being closer to nutrients divide quicker. In the uncompacted state, outlines of each blastomere are distinct, whereas after compaction, cell-cell contacts are maximized and cellular outlines are indistinct

A

Compaction

48
Q

When the morula enters the uterine cavity, the fluid begins to penetrate through the zona pellucida shell into the intercellular spaces of the _________________. A single cavity is called the ______________. At this time, the embryo is now a ______________

A

inner cell mass (ICM), blastocele, blastocyst

49
Q

With compaction, some blastomeres segregate to the center of the morula and others to the outside. The centrally placed blastomeres are now called the inner cell mass (ICM). The blastomeres at the periphery constitute the ______________.

note: because the ICM gives rise to the embryo proper, it is also called the embryoblast

A

trophoblast

50
Q

What is the primary source of the fetal component of the placenta?

A

trophoblast

51
Q

The _______________ hatches from the clear zona pellucida by enzymatically boring a hole in it and squeezing out. The blastocyst is now naked of all of its original investments and can interact directly with the endometrium

A

blastocyst

52
Q

A hollow ball of cells is called a…..

A

blastocyst

53
Q

In blastocyst formation, cells of the ICM are now the _____________ and at one “pole”. The trophoblast flattens and forms the wall. The blastocyst starts to penetrate and implant into the endometrium around day 6-7

A

embryoblast

Histology & Embryology (21 decks)

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