Animal Responses Flashcards
What does the cerebrum control?
Voluntary actions (e.g thinking, memory and speech)
What does the cerebellum control?
Involuntary movements and balance
What does the hypothalamus do?
It is an endocrine gland that controls osmoregulation and thermoregulation
What is the hypothalamus connected to?
What type of gland is it?
What do its two separate parts do? (Anterior and Posterior)
Pituitary Gland: (Endocrine)
- Anterior Pituitary Gland: Produces and Releases Hormones e.g FSH
- Posterior Pituitary Gland: Stores and Releases Hormones from the Hypothalamus (e.g ADH)
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Regulates functions of ANS (Heart rate and Breathing rate)
Controls cardiac and smooth muscles
What is a reflex action?
Name three properties…
Involuntary response to a stimulus
- Fast
- Happen without conscious thought
- Minimise damage to organism
Explain the knee jerk reflex.
Stimulus- Patellar Tendon Stretches
Sensory Receptor- Stretch receptors detect this
CNS- Spinal cord: Sensory neuron -> Motor neuron
Effector - Leg muscles
Response- Leg kicks
Why is the knee jerk reflex fast?
- Doesn’t involve the brain
- Only involves one synapse
Explain the blinking reflex.
Stimulus- An object hits the cornea
Sensory Receptor- Cornea receptors detect/ Free nerve endings detect
CNS- Brain Stem: Sensory Neuron -> Relay Neuron -> Motor Neuron
Effector- Eyelid Muscles
Response- Eyelids close
The parasympathetic system … . The sympathetic system prepares the body for … . We say they are … .
- Conserves energy
- Activity
- Antagonistic
Name some features of the somatic nervous system.
- The motor neurons contact effectors that are under voluntary control (mostly skeletal)
- Conduction of action potentials is usually rapid, so most neurons are myelinated
- Conscious voluntary actions
Name some features of the autonomic nervous system.
- Controls unconscious activities: Heart Rate, Smooth muscle in digestive system and airways, Glands
- Most neurons unmyelinated as responses do not need to be rapid
- At least two motor neurons in the pathway between CNS and effector. These two neurons connect at swellings like ganglia.
- Without conscious thought
What is a ganglion?
A cluster of neurone cell bodies outside the CNS.
Why might an increase in heart rate be useful in the sympathetic response?
- Increased O2 transport to muscles for respiration
- Increased CO2 removal
What is the effect of the sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system.
- Blood diverted away
- Stops peristalsis
- Salivary glands stop working
What does the corpus callosum do?
Connects the two cerebral hemispheres
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer of the cerebrum. It has become highly folded to increase SA.
What are some adaptations of reflexes?
- Localised to the part of the body where the point of response occurs
- Few synapses
- Some signals are still sent to the brain for its comprehensive decision making process if deemed necessary
- Simple mechanism so does not have to be learnt (effective from birth so is an innate response)