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Dietetics > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Food Groups

A

Distribute foods into groups based on the main nutrient they contribute to the diet

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2
Q

Types of Nutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Water
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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

Are required in large amounts. Includes:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
water

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

Are required in small amounts. Includes:
vitamins
minerals

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5
Q

Organic nutrients

A

Nutrients that contain C-C or
C-H bonds. Includes:
carbohydrates
lipids
protein
vitamins

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6
Q

Inorganic nutrients

A

Nutrients that do NOT contain C-C or C-H bonds. Instead, these nutrients are built up on individual atoms that never change (indestructible). Includes:
minerals
water

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7
Q

Energy-yielding nutrients

A

Nutrients that can be broken down to provide fuel. Excess will be converted to storage compounds (as fuel available for later). Includes:
Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids

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8
Q

Non-energy-yielding nutrients

A

Nutrients that cannot provide energy, instead they facilitate activities in the body (which often includes assisting the release of energy from macronutrients). Includes:
vitamins
minerals
water

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9
Q

1g of Carbohydrate

A

17kJ

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10
Q

Carbohydrate chemical structure & role

A

Made up of C & H
Primary role is energy, it spares protein from being broken down

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11
Q

Simple Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides (single sugar molecule) - glucose, fructose & galactose
Disaccharides (2 single sugar molecules joined) - sucrose, lactose & maltose

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12
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides
Includes: glycogen, starch & fibre

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13
Q

Carbohydrate Foods

A

Dairy (lactose and galactose)
Grains
Veg
Legumes
Fruit

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14
Q

Discretionary Carbs

A

energy rich, nutrient poor. Some has ‘naturally occurring’ sugars vs ‘added sugars’
Worst part of discretionary carbs is their displacement of nutritious foods and their lack of general nutrients

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15
Q

1g Fat is

A

37kJ

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16
Q

Types of Lipids

A

triglycerides (fats & oils) - three fatty acids linked by glycerol
phospholipids - two fatty acids and a phosphate group linked by glycerol
sterols - complex molecules

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17
Q

Fatty acids

A

components of lipids, classified by their carbon chain and degree of saturation. includes:
1. Saturated
2. Monounsaturated
3. Polyunsaturated
4. Trans (TFA)

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18
Q

TFA

A

Trans fatty acids occur naturally in small amounts of foods such as meat, cheese and butter but mostly occur in processed foods. They are produced when vegetable oil is hydrogenated.

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19
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed through diet. Includes the polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1. Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA
2. Linoleic Acid (LA).

They are precursors to LCPUFAS which are precursors to eicosanoids

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20
Q

Deficiency in EFAs

A

rough, scaly skin, dermatitis, increased trans-epidermal water loss, reduced growth and high triene: tetraene ratio (marker of EFA status)

21
Q

Role of Lipids

A

Predominantly energy sources, vehicle for fat soluble vitamins, source of EFAs.
Also: insulation, shock absorption, protects bones, structural component of cell membranes, signalling molecules and pre-cursors for hormones & eicosanoids

22
Q

1g Protein is

A

17kJ

23
Q

Protein chemical structure & role

A

C + H + N (sometimes sulphur)
Can be energy yielding but is spared with adequate supply of carbs and fat. More important in:
- growth & maintenance
- hormone production
- enzyme production
- antibody function
- transportation of lipids, minerals, vitamins and oxygen
- act as buffer to maintain acid-base balance
- regulate fluid balance

24
Q

Amino Acids

A

Proteins atoms are arranged into amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. Amino acids all have the same structure with exception to their side group. There are 20 different side groups, 9 essential and 11 non-essential.

25
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  1. Histidine
  2. Isoleucine
  3. Leucine
  4. Lysine
  5. Methionine
  6. Phenylalanine
  7. Treonine
  8. Tryptophan
  9. Valine
26
Q

Non-Essential Amino Acids

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Arganine
  3. Asparagine
  4. Aspartic Acid
  5. Cysteine
  6. Glutamic Acid
  7. Glutamine
  8. Glycine
  9. Proline
  10. Serine
  11. Tyrosine
27
Q

High Quality Protein (High Biological Value Protein)

A

Protein that contains all amino acids, animal products such as milk, cheese, yoghurt, meat, fish, eggs, poultry

28
Q

Moderate Quality Protein

A

Protein that provides some amino acids, plan proteins such as legumes, seeds, nuts, pulses and grains

29
Q

Low Quality Protein

A

Protein that contains negligible amounts of protein, such as fruits and vegetables

30
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein which facilitates a chemical reaction without being changed in the process

31
Q

Co-Enzyme

A

an organic molecule which combines with an enzyme at activity site to facilitate enzyme activity

32
Q

Co-Factor

A

an organic or inorganic molecule which helps and enzyme carry out its action (it may or may not bind)

33
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin C
  2. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
  3. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
  4. Vitamin B3 (niacin)
  5. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
  6. Vitamin B6
  7. Vitamin B7 (biotin)
  8. Vitamin B9 (folate)
  9. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
34
Q

Vitamin C

A

Antioxidant

35
Q

Biotin

A

Vitamin B1:
co-enzyme for TPP

36
Q

Thiamin

A

Vitamin B2:
co-enzyme for FMN & FAD

37
Q

Niacin

A

Vitamin B3:
co-enzyme for NAD & NADP

38
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Vitamin B5:
co-enzyme for CoA

39
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Involved in amino acid metabolism
co-enzyme for PLP

40
Q

Biotin

A

Vitamin B7:
co-enzyme for biotin co-enzyme

41
Q

Folate

A

Vitamin B8:
co-enzyme for THF
Involved in new cell production

42
Q

Cobalamin

A

Vitamin B12:
Involved in amino acid metabolism
Involved in new cell production
co-enzyme for B12 co-enzyme

43
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin E
  2. Vitamin A
  3. Vitamin D
  4. Vitamin K
44
Q

Vitamin E

A

antioxidant

45
Q

Vitamin A

A

vision

46
Q

Vitamin D

A

mineralization of bones

47
Q

Vitamin K

A

blood clotting

48
Q
A

Dietetics (3 decks)

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