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GI II > Non-inflammatory diarrhea > Flashcards

Non-inflammatory diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation involving the mucosa of the both the small and large intestines

A

Enterocolitis

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2
Q

Bacteria associated with marine environments

A

Vibrio cholerae

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3
Q

Gram negative, rigid, curved rod with polar flagellum and darting motility. Arranged in rows on smear.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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4
Q

Facultative anaerobe, halophilic, fermentative gram negative curved rod. Grows in alkaline pH.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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5
Q

Serogroups of V cholerae that cause cholera

A

O1
O139

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6
Q

Bacteria present in algal blooms that contaminates shellfish

A

Vibrio cholerae

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7
Q

Reason infective dose of Vibrio cholerae is high

A

It is sensitive to gastric acid

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8
Q

Virulence factor that acts as a receptor for filamentous bacteriophage that codes for cholera toxin

A

Toxin coregulated pilus (TCP)

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9
Q

Virulence factors of V cholerae

A

Pili
TCP
Flagellum
Mucinase

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10
Q

Complex A-B toxin that resembles ETEC heat labile toxin

A

Cholera toxin

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11
Q

Causes increased levels of cAMP in enterocyte leading to secretory diarrhea

A

Cholera toxin

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12
Q

Incubation period of cholera

A

1-4 days

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13
Q

Pt presents with N/V, abdominal cramps, and rice-water stools after eating shellfish a few days ago

A

Cholera

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14
Q

Complication of untreated cholera

A

Hypovolemic shock

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15
Q

Yellow (sucrose) fermenting colonies on TCBS from stool specimen. Oxidase positive.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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16
Q

Drug of choice for cholera

A

Azithromycin

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17
Q

Antibiotics that can be used for cholera

A

Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin

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18
Q

Suspected in pts who give a history of ingestion of raw seafood, or wound infection after exposure to seawater

A

Vibrio vulnificus

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19
Q

Treatment for Vibrio vulnificus infection

A

Doxycycline

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20
Q

General features of Enterobacteriaceae

A

Gram negative bacilli
Facultatively anaerobic
Ferment glucose
Catalase positive
Oxidase negative
Reduce nitrates to nitrites

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21
Q

Most abundant gram negative rods in the colon and feces I

A

E coli

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22
Q

Gram negative, lactose fermenting bacilli with peritrichous flagella. Indole and citrate positive

A

E coli

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23
Q

3 antigenic structures of E coli

A

O antigen –> somatic
H antigen –> flagellar
K antigen –> capsule

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24
Q

Virulence factors of E coli

A

Pili
Endotoxin
Capsule
Type III secretion systems
Enterotoxins

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25
Q

Virulence factor of E coli responsible for gastroenteritis

A

Enterotoxins

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26
Q

E coli type associated with these exotoxins –> heat labile toxin (LT-1) and heat stable toxin (STa)

A

ETEC

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27
Q

E coli type associated with colonization factor antigens (CFA) adhesins

A

ETEC

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28
Q

E coli types associated with BFP and intimin adhesins

A

EPEC
STEC/EHEC

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29
Q

E coli type associated with aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF) adhesins

A

EAEC

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30
Q

E coli type associated with these exotoxins –> enteroaggregative heat stable toxin and plasmid encoded toxin

A

EAEC

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31
Q

E coli type associated with shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, exotoxins

A

STEC/EHEC

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32
Q

E coli type associated with invasive plasmid antigen adhesin

A

EIEC

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33
Q

E coli type associated with hemolysin (HlyA) exotoxin

A

EIEC

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34
Q

5 main groups of E coli that cause diarrhea

A

STEC/EHEC
ETEC
EPEC
EAEC
EIEC

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35
Q

Source of ETEC

A

Food or water contaminated with human feces

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36
Q

Site of action of ETEC

A

Small intestine

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37
Q

AB toxin that causes ADP ribosylation and stimulation of G proteins to activate adenylate cyclase to cause intestinal secretion

A

LT toxin of ETEC

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38
Q

ST toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase cGMP

A

ETEC

39
Q

Pathogens commonly causing traveler’s diarrhea

A

ETEC

40
Q

Pt presents with watery diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting with low-grade fever after recent travel

A

ETEC
EAEC

41
Q

Treatment for infection with ETEC

A

Fluid replacement

42
Q

E coli type seen in bottle fed infants in developing countries, commonly affecting children <1 yo

A

EPEC

43
Q

Source of EPEC

A

Food or water contaminated with human feces

44
Q

Site of action of EPEC

A

Small intestine

45
Q

E coli type that produces attachment and effacement lesions using T3SS, intimin, and Tir adherence factors to HEp-2 and HeLa cells causing malabsorption and diarrhea

A

EPEC

46
Q

Most frequent isolate types of EPEC

A

O55:K59
O111:K58

47
Q

Treatment of EPEC

A

Fluid replacement and supportive care

48
Q

E coli strain commonly implicated in food contamination in Mexico and in infant diarrhea

A

EAEC

49
Q

Aggregates resemble stacked bricks on light microscopy

A

EAEC

50
Q

Site of action of EAEC

A

Small intestine

51
Q

Plasmid coded virulence factors of this pathogen are EAST and AAF I-III causing hemorrhage and decreased fluid absorption

A

EAEC

52
Q

Pathogen that causes formation of heavy mucus biofilm on intestinal surface, which may contribute to persistent colonization and diarrhea

A

EAEC

53
Q

Pt presents with persistent watery mucoid diarrhea, vomiting, and low-grade fever after travel

A

EAEC

54
Q

Diarrhea causing pathogen associated with characteristic adherence to HEp-2 cells

A

EAEC

55
Q

Viruses causing non-inflammatory diarrhea

A

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Adenovirus
Astrovirus

56
Q

Number one cause of serious infantile diarrhea worldwide

A

Rotavirus

57
Q

Medium sized virus with double layered capsid in the Reoviridae family

A

Rotavirus

58
Q

Segmented dsDNA, non-enveloped virus that looks like a hub cap

A

Rotavirus

59
Q

Most common Rotavirus group causing endemic, severe, infantile diarrhea

A

Group A

60
Q

Transmission of rotavirus

A

Feco-oral

61
Q

Virus that infects cell of small intestine by attaching to sialic acid via VP4

A

Rotavirus

62
Q

Viral protein NSP4 acts as enterotoxin, causing fluid secretion

A

Rotavirus

63
Q

Incubation period of rotavirus

A

48 hrs

64
Q

Sudden onset of vomiting, abdominal pain, non-bloody watery diarrhea, fever, and dehydration in infant or young child who goes to daycare

A

Rotavirus

65
Q

Type of vaccine for rotavirus and administration schedule

A

Oral live attenuated vaccine
At 2, 4, and 6 mo

66
Q

Naked, icosahedral, positive sense ssRNA virus of the Calciviridae family that is acid stable

A

Norovirus

67
Q

Transmission of norovirus

A

Feco-oral –> contaminated food, water, and surfaces
Person to person

68
Q

Foodborne pathogen commonly associated with outbreaks on cruise ships

A

Norovirus

69
Q

Pathogen causing direct damage to intestinal enterocytes causing vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and HAs that usually resolves in 1-2 days

A

Norovirus

70
Q

Incubation of norovirus

A

12-48 hrs

71
Q

Diagnosis of norovirus

A

Reverse transcriptase PCR of feces or vomitus

72
Q

Non-enveloped dsDNA virus that can cause diarrhea, but is usually associated with respiratory infection and conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

73
Q

Infective serotypes of adenovirus

A

40 and 41

74
Q

Non-enveloped ssRNA virus that often causes an asymptomatic infection where virions are shed in the stool in large quantities

A

Astrovirus

75
Q

Protozoa causing secretory diarrhea

A

Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cystoisospora belli
Cyclospora cayetanensis

76
Q

Non-invasive luminal flagellate, sting-ray shaped trophozoite with 2 nuclei

A

Giardia duodenalis

77
Q

Infective form of Giardia duodenalis

A

Cysts

78
Q

Pt presents with steatorrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps persisting for 6 weeks. Stool sample shows cysts.

A

Giardia duodenalis

79
Q

Complication of Giardia infection in children

A

Severe malabsorption syndrome

80
Q

Treatments for giardiasis

A

Metronidazole
Quinacrine hydrochloride

81
Q

Prevention of giardiasis

A

Boiling, filtering, or treating water with iodine

82
Q

Coccidian parasite that infects villi of lower small intestine and is resistant to chlorine

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

83
Q

Source of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Gut of cattle

84
Q

Diagnosis by modified acid fast staining of stool showing oocysts

A

Cryptosporidiosis

85
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis

A

Nitazoxanide –> only in immunocompromised

86
Q

Common presentation of cryptosporidiosis

A

Asymptomatic to mild in healthy
Severe in immunocompromised

87
Q

Only known host of Cystoisospora belli

A

Humans

88
Q

Transmission of Cystoisospora belli

A

Ingestion of mature oocysts via feco-oral route

89
Q

Pt presents with profuse, water, non-bloody, mucoid, foul-smelling diarrhea. Also has cramping, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Modified acid fast stain shows large oocysts.

A

Cystoisospora belli

90
Q

Treatment for heavier Cystoisospora belli infections

A

Cotrimoxazole
TMP-SMZ

91
Q

Transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Feco-oral route via contaminated food or water

92
Q

Diarrhea causing pathogen associated with contaminated raspberries, basil, and lettuce

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

93
Q

Immunocompromised pt presents with 6 wks of diarrhea, cramps, and dehydration. Stool sample demonstrates acid fast oocysts.

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

94
Q

Treatment for cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Cotrimoxazole

GI II (31 decks)

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