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Phys > hematology > Flashcards

hematology Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of blood

A
  • transport nutrients
  • regulates pH
  • warms and cools the body
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2
Q

plasma

A
  • extracellular matrix
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3
Q

define hematopoiesis

A
  • production of blood cells
  • stimulated by erythropoietin
  • controlled by cytokines
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4
Q

what is the most common to least common WBCs

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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5
Q

bone marrow

A
  • where blood cells are produced
  • red bone marrow: red bc it contains hemoglobin; active
    • 25% RBCS, 75% WBCs
  • yellow bone marrow contains adipose cells; inactive
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6
Q

red blood cells

A
  • erthyrocytes
  • like hemoglobin
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7
Q

platelets

A
  • split off from megakaryocytes
  • patch up any wound
  • life span of 10 day life
  • imp for stopping blood loss, immunity, and inflammation
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8
Q

white blood cells

A
  • leukocytes
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9
Q

albumin

A
  • most common protein in the blood
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10
Q

transferrin

A
  • transports iron
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11
Q

fluid matrix of blood

A
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Remaining 1%
    • Ions (Na, K, Cl, H, Ca, HCO3)
    • Organic molecules
    • Gases (O2 and CO2)
    • Trace elements
    • Vitamins
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12
Q

colony stimulating factors

A
  • regulate leukopoiesis
  • CSFs
  • leukopoiesis: production of WBCs
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13
Q

thrombopoietin

A
  • regulates platelet production
  • TPO
  • kidneys secrete this
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14
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • regulates red blood cell production
  • EPO
  • responds to low blood volume secreted by kidneys
  • erythropoiesis: production of RBCs
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15
Q

hematocrit

A
  • when we’re looking @ RBC
  • the percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.
  • ratio of RBCs to plasma, expressed by a %
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16
Q

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A
  • size of RBCs
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17
Q

hemoglobin plays a role in what?

A
  • oxygen transport
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18
Q

four globulin molecules

A
  • four heme groups
  • several isoforms
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19
Q

Heme is a porphyrin ring with an iron (Fe) atom at its center

A

– Iron comes from diet
– Transported in blood by transferrin
– Iron taken up in bone marrow
– Excess iron stored in liver by ferritin

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20
Q

how long do RBCs live for?

A
  • 120 days or 4 months
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21
Q

where do older RBCs go?

A

– Older RBCs rupture or phagocytized in spleen

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22
Q

amino acids from globin are incorporated into what?

A
  • new proteins
23
Q

true or false. some iron from heme groups are reused in new heme groups

A

true

24
Q

remnants of heme groups are converted to bilirubin, excreted as bile

A

– Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine
– Jaundice results from elevated levels of bilirubin

25
Q

how iron and hemoglobin go thru the blood

A
  1. iron ingested from the diet
  2. Fe absorbed by active transport
  3. transferrin protein transports Fe in plasma
  4. Bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin as part of RBC synthesis
  5. RBCs live about 120 days in the blood
  6. spleen destroys old RBCs and converts hgb to bilirubin
  7. bilirubin and metabolites are excreted in urine and feces
  8. liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile
  9. liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
26
Q

biconcave disks

A
  • Mature mammalian red blood cells in an isotonic solution are biconcave disks, shaped much like jelly doughnuts with the filling squeezed out of the middle
27
Q

megakaryocyte

A
  • Red blood cells have lost their nuclei by the time they enter the bloodstream, and platelets, which also lack a nucleus, are cell fragments that have split off a relatively large parent cell
28
Q

hemostasis

A
  • prevents blood loss from damaged vessels
29
Q

hemostasis and coagulation

A

– Vasoconstriction
– Platelet plug begins with platelet adhesion
– Exposed collagen and tissue factor lead to a clot
▪ Coagulation (bringing platelets tgthr to cover up the hole) cascade
– Thrombus

30
Q

platelet activation begins the clotting process

A

– Platelets stick to collagen in damaged vessels
– Release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) –> thromboxane A2
– Prostacyclin: blocks platelet adhesion and aggregation

31
Q

coagulation has two pathways

A

– Intrinsic pathway known as contact activation pathway
– Extrinsic pathway known as cell injury pathway

32
Q

fibrinolysis

A
  • Plasmin then breaks down fibrin, a process known as fibrinolysis
33
Q

plasmin

A
  • As the damaged vessel wall slowly repairs itself, the clot disintegrates when fibrin is broken into fragments by the enzyme plasmin
34
Q

fibrin

A
  • part of the clot
  • laying down of scar tissue
35
Q

coagulation

A
  • the process by which blood clots prevent blood loss in damaged vessels.
36
Q

thrombus

A
  • a blood clot that adheres to an undamaged blood vessel wall
37
Q

adaptive immunity

A

– Specific immune response
– Slow (days to weeks)
– “Remembered” by immune system
– Cell-mediated immunity (like injecting botox) (phagocytosis)
▪ Contact-dependent signaling
– Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
▪ Antibodies (more viruses have these)

37
Q

innate immunity

A
  • anything and everything gets exposed to this
    – Immediate immune response
    – Non-specific
    – Rapid (minutes to hours)
    – Inflammation is characteristic
    – Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
    – “Not remembered” by immune system
38
Q

macrocylic anemia

A
  • B12 def
  • RBC = big
39
Q

microcyclic anemia

A
  • iron def
  • RBC = small
40
Q

what carries out internal response for immune system?

A
  • leukocytes
  • communicate via cytokines
41
Q

t lymphocytes (T cells)

A
  • migrate from bone to thymus to mature
  • t cell receptors: look and say is this us or someone else
42
Q

b lymphocytes (B cells)

A
  • mature in bone marrow
    – Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)
43
Q

IgG

A

– most abundant in serum, produced in secondary responses, crosses the placenta, reacts with complements

44
Q

IgA

A

– in external secretions

45
Q

IgE

A

– target gut parasites and are associated with allergic
responses

46
Q

IgM

A

– associated with primary responses, react strongly with complements

47
Q

IgD

A

– appear on the surface of B cells, role unclear

48
Q

antibodies

A
  • proteins secreted by immune cells, to carry out the immune response.
  • bind to foreign substances to disable them or make them more visible to the cells of the immune system
49
Q

antigens

A
  • Immunogens that react with products of the immune response are known as antigens
  • any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
50
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A
  • form a third category of lymphocytes
  • They are thought to develop in bone marrow as well as in other tissues
  • kill anything and everything
  • can also kill our own cells
51
Q

plasma cells

A
  • lymphocytes and their derivative plasma cells are the key cells that mediate the specific adaptive immune response of the body
52
Q

T lymphocytes – CD4 and CD8

A
  • CD4: MHII (HIV)
  • CD8: MHI
53
Q

universal donor and acceptor

A
  • donor: O-
  • accept: AB+

Phys (13 decks)

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