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Phys > synapses > Flashcards

synapses Flashcards

1
Q

where do neurons communicate?

A
  • synapses
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2
Q

electrical synapses

A

– Pass electrical signals through gap junctions
- gap junctions = close communications
– Signal can be bi-directional
– Synchronizes the activity of a network of cells

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3
Q

chemical synapses

A

– Use neurotransmitters that cross synaptic clefts

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4
Q

neurocrines

A

– Neurotransmitters: messenger (ach, epi)
- neuromodulators: dopamine. reward system
- neurohormones: oxytocin, ADH, epi

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5
Q

what are ionotropic receptors also called?

A
  • receptor channels
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6
Q

what are metabotropic receptors?

A
  • G protein-coupled receptors for neuromodulators
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7
Q

what do neurotransmitters bind to?

A
  • specific receptors except NO
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8
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

think skeletal muscles, autonomic neurons, CNS

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9
Q

muscarinic receptor

A
  • smooth and cardiac muscle endocrine and exocrine glands, CNS
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10
Q

acetylcholine –> synthesis

A
  • From choline (from membrane phospholipids) and acetyl CoA (from citric
    acid cycle)
  • In axon terminals
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11
Q

acetylcholine –> binds cholingeric receptors

A
  • Nicotinic receptors
    • On skeletal muscles and in autonomic division of PNS and CNS
    • Monovalent cation channels: Na+ and K+
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12
Q

acetylcholine –> muscarinic receptors

A
  • In CNS and on target cells for autonomic parasympathetic division of PNS
  • G protein–coupled receptors
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13
Q

amines

A
  • Active in the CNS
  • Derived from single amino acid
    – Serotonin from tryptophan
    – Histamine from histidine
    – Dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine from tyrosine
    *Adrenergic/noradrenergic neurons secrete norepinephrine
  • Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine & epinephrine
    – G protein–coupled receptors
    • alpha and beta classes
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14
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory –> CNS
  • AMPA and NMDA receptors
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15
Q

aspartate

A
  • excitatory –> brain
  • depolarizes target cells
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16
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • inhibitory –> brain
  • hyperpolarizes target cells by opening Cl- gates
17
Q

glycine and D-serine

A
  • enhance the excitatory effect of glutamate
18
Q

peptides

A
  • Substance P and opioid peptides (enkephalins & endorphins)
    • Function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones
  • Cholystokinin, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide
    • Function as neurotransmitters and neurohormones
19
Q

purines

A
  • Adenosine, AMP and ATP bind to purinergic receptors (GPCRs)
20
Q

gases diffuse in the cells

A
  • NO, CO, H2S
21
Q

lipids

A
  • Eicosanoids, endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors
22
Q

neurotransmitter release: classical model pathway

A
  • Action Potential arrives at the axon terminal
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open in response to depolarization
  • Ca2+ binds regulatory proteins and initiates exocytosis
  • Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
  • Neurotransmitter binds receptor on post-synaptic cell initiating a response
23
Q

neurotransmitter release: kiss-and-run pathway

A
  • Vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane to form fusion pore
  • Neurotransmitters pass through a channel
24
Q

termination of neurotransmitter activity

A
  • Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
  • Enzymatic breakdown
    – Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
  • Uptake into cells
    – Presynaptic axon terminal
    – Glial cells
25
Q

single action potential

A
  • results in the release of a constant amount of neurotransmitter
26
Q

Action potentials code duration and magnitude in the frequency of action potentials produced

A

– Tonic activity: goes in one direction
– Burst activity: get the conduction going in all directions

27
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • the axon terminal contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter
  • the postsynaptic membrane has receptor for neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft
28
Q

divergence

A

▪ One presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

29
Q

convergence

A

▪ Many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

30
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

– A change of activity at the synapses
– Occurs primarily in CNS
– May be short-term or long-term
– May be enhance or reduce synaptic activity

31
Q

slow synaptic potentials

A
  • involve G-protein coupled receptors and second messengers.
    – Think neuromodulators
32
Q

fast synaptic potentials

A
  • involve opening of ion channels.
    – An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is depolarizing. (Na+)
    – An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is hyperpolarizing. (K+)
33
Q

spatial summation

A

– Two or more neurons simultaneously fire and have an additive effect
– Postsynaptic inhibition
▪ Release of neurotransmitter is inhibitory instead of excitatory
- inhibiting movement
- based on action potential
- 2 neurons firing at the same time and they cancel each other out

34
Q

temporal summation

A
  • based on graded potential
    – Summation occurring when graded potentials overlap in time and having an additive effect
35
Q

synaptic activity can be modified

A

– Modulatory neuron terminates on the presynaptic cell and modulates the release of neurotransmitter
– Presynaptic facilitation favors the release of neurotransmitter
– Presynaptic inhibition prevents the release of neurotransmitter

36
Q

what is glutamate a key element in?

A
  • potentiation
  • AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors
37
Q

long term potentiation is responsible for what?

A

acquired behavior

38
Q

activity at a synapse induces sustained changes in quality or quantity of connections

A

– Potentiation similar to facilitation
– Depression similar to inhibition

39
Q
  • Disorders of synaptic transmission are responsible for many diseases
A

– Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and some depressions

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