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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > LYMPH SYSTEM > Flashcards

LYMPH SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Lymphatic System functions?

A

Protecting the body from infection, draining tissue fluid (lymph) back into blood, abosorbing fat and fat-souluble vitamins

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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid found outside the body’s cells made of water, electrolytes, metabolic waste and some protein

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3
Q

How does interstitial fluid relate to lymph?

A

Lymph is mainly made from interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What are groups of lymph?

A

Lymph nodes, found along pathways of lymph vessels

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5
Q

How does lymph enter and exit a node?

A

It enters through several afferent lymph vessels and exits through one or two efferent vessels

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6
Q

Where can some lymph clusters be found?

A

Shoulders (cervical), Upper extremities (axillary), breasts, groin, external genitalia

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7
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

It can be found in the upper left quad below the diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the spleen’s function?

A

filters and cleanses blood, stores blood in case of loss, contains plasma cells that make antibodies, and stores platelets/destroys unuseful RBCs

spleen helps prevent infection but is not a vital organ

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9
Q

White spleen pulp vs red spleen pulp

A

white: lymphoid tissue with lymphocytes surrounded by arteries

red: venous sinuses–blood, lymphocytes, microphages …. Both are found in spleen

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10
Q

Where are the 3 tonsils’ locations?

A

palatine: opening of oral cavity to pharynx
pharyngeal(adenoids): near nasal cavity opening (upper pharynx)
lingual : back of tongue

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11
Q

What are tonsils considered in the lymph system?

A

lymphatic nodules

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12
Q

Palatine tonsils are often the target of what? Removal of adenoids is called?

A

Tonsillectomy; adenoidectomy

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13
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Partially encapsuled lymph nodules found in the throat..they act as filters

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14
Q

What is lymph’s path of drainage?

A

Lymph from R side of head, R arm, and thorax drain into R lymph duct»R subclavian vein..Remaining lymph drains to thoracic duct»L subclavian vein

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15
Q

Where is lymph fluid drained from?

A

tissue space

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16
Q

what forces plasma & dissolved nutrients out of capillaries and into tissue fluid?

A

tissue fluid pressure and filtration

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17
Q

what does capillary filtration maintain?

A

blood volume

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18
Q

the amount of tissue fluid formed is ___ than the amt returned to capillaries

A

greater

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19
Q

diaphragm is innervated by ___ nerve; intercostal muscles are innervated by ____ nerves

A

phrenic; intercostal

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20
Q

respiratory muscles are skeletal muscles meaning:

A

inhalation: active process, exhalation: passive process

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21
Q

what factors contribute to a breathing rate?

A

emotions (voluntary) and chemoreceptors (involuntary)

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22
Q

how do surfactants interfere with surface tension?

A

by decreasing tension to help alveoli stay open..also sighing

23
Q

what do alveolar cells secrete?

A

surfactants

24
Q

what is the parietal pluera?

A

outer serous membrane

25
Q

what does visceral pleura line?

A

outside of lungs

26
Q

where is the intrapleural space located?

A

between parietal and visceral pleura

27
Q

what is the medullary responsible for?

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

28
Q

breathing patterns, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center are part of the:

A

Pons of the brain

29
Q

why is negative intrapleural pressure important?

A

it allows the lungs to expand and overcomes elastic recoil/surface tension

30
Q

Loss of negative pressure can cause ___ so if pressure is restored, lung will expand

A

lung collapse

31
Q

where is the c-lined cartilage found?

A

trachea, bronchi, & larynx

32
Q

what is c-lined cartilage’s purpose?

A

Keeps trachea/airway open..without it, trachea will collapse, causing a BIG problem with air coming in

33
Q

what are some key points about alveoli (alveolus: singular)?

A

a pulmonary capillary surrounds each alveolus, O2 moves from alveoli into pulmonart capillaries, & CO2 moves from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

34
Q

what is the transport mechanism of alveoli?

A

Diffusion

35
Q

what does tidal volume refer to?

A

normal, quiet breathing; the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle (proper ventilation)

36
Q

the amount of O2 is expressed as _____ ____?

A

partial pressure

37
Q

almost all O2 is transported as?

A

oxyhemoglobin

38
Q

what is Boyle’s law on inhalation?

A

Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume, so as volume increases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) decreases

39
Q

what is Boyle’s law on exhalation?

A

Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume, so as volume decreases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) increases

40
Q

what is surface tension?

A

electrical attraction between polar water molecules is the surface tension

41
Q

water having high surface tension may cause ___ ____ due to force of water molecules

A

lung collapse

42
Q

what is the trachea and its function?

A

Extends from larynx into thoracic cavity & Conducts air to right & left bronchus

43
Q

what do bronchioles do and what determines their diameter?

A

bronchodilation/bronchoconstriction, regulates air flow to the alveoli…smooth muscle

44
Q

what is bronchis’ function?

A

Conduct air to bronchioles

45
Q

what is found in the left & right bronchi?

A

Cartilaginous rings & Carina

46
Q

difficult/labored breathing is called:

A

dyspnea

47
Q

right lung has ____ lobes & left lung has ___ lobes

A

right has 3: superior, middle, inferior; left has 2: superior, inferior

48
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

chemical breathing controllers found in the medulla (CNS) and carotid/aortic (PNS)

49
Q

Where is the oropharynx and its function?

A

posterior to oral cavity, air & food passage

50
Q

where is the laryngopharynx and its function?

A

posterior to the larynx, air and food passage

51
Q

Epiglottis prevents:

A

prevents food from entering lower respiratory structures

52
Q

what is the ventilation cycle?

A

Respiratory cycle = one inhalation + one exhalation

53
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Filter and protect from whatever comes through

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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