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Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture > The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

is an organ made up of several different tissues working together

A

Bone

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2
Q

Bone is an organ made up of several different tissues working together:

A
  • bone (osseous) tissue
  • cartilage
  • dense connective tissue
  • epithelium
  • adipose tissue
  • nervous tissue
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3
Q

the entire framework of bones and their cartilages

A

Skeletal System

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4
Q

the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

A

Osteology

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5
Q

osteo means

A

bone

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6
Q

logy means

A

study of

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7
Q

Skeletal System: Functions

A
  • support
  • protection
  • Assistance in movement
  • Mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
  • Blood cell production
  • Triglyceride storage
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8
Q

what cells store triglycerides?

A

adipose cells

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9
Q

is one that has greater length than width

A

Long bone

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10
Q

A typical long bone consists of the following parts:

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphyses
  3. Metaphyses
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Periosteum
  6. Medullary cavity
  7. Endosteum
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11
Q

Diaphysis means

A

(growing between)

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12
Q

is the bone’s shaft or body

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

A

Diaphysis

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14
Q

Epiphyses means

A

growing over

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15
Q

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

A

Epiphyses

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16
Q

meta means

A

between

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17
Q

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

A

Metaphyses

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18
Q

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

A

Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate

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19
Q

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis

A

Articular Cartilage

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20
Q

where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone

A

Articular Cartilage

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21
Q

peri means

A

around

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22
Q

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

A

Periosteum

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23
Q

periosteum has an

A

outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

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24
Q

medulla means

A

marrow, pith

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25
Q

other term for medullary cavity

A

Marrow Cavity

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26
Q

is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

A

medullary cavity

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27
Q

endo means

A

within

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28
Q

is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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29
Q

contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

A

Endosteum

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30
Q

Extracellular Matrix is about

A

15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts

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31
Q

The most abundant mineral salt is

A

calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]

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32
Q

calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] combines with another mineral salt, ____________________________, to form crystals of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2].

A

calcium hydroxide

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33
Q

calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide, to form crystals of?

A

hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]

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34
Q

minerals crystallize and the tissue hardens

A

Calcification

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35
Q

it is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts

A

Calcification

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36
Q

Calcification is initiated by bone-building cells called

A

osteoblasts

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37
Q

depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts

A

Bone’s Hardness

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38
Q

depends on its collagen fibers

A

Bone’s Flexibility

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39
Q

______________________ secrete enzymes and acids that break down both the mineral salts and the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix of bone.

A

osteoclasts

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40
Q

Four types of cells are present in bone tissue:

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cell
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast
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41
Q

develops into an osteoblast

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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42
Q
  • unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme
A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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43
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are unspecialized bone stem cells derived from?

A

mesenchyme

44
Q

they are the only bone cells to undergo cell division

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

45
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are found along:

A
  • the inner portion of the periosteum
  • in the endosteum
  • in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels
46
Q

the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed

A

Mesenchyme

47
Q

bone-building cells

A

osteoblast

48
Q

forms bone extracellular matrix

A

osteoblast

49
Q

they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue

A

osteoblast

50
Q

initiates calcification.

A

osteoblast

51
Q

as osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their secretions and become?

A

osteocytes

52
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocyte

53
Q

maintains bone tissue

A

osteocyte

54
Q

are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

A

osteocyte

55
Q

like osteoblasts, osteocytes _____________________________

A

do not undergo cell division

56
Q

functions in resorption

A

Osteoclast

57
Q

huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.

A

Osteoclast

58
Q

Osteoclast are derived from the fusion of as many as 50 of what certain type of white blood cell?

A

monocyte

59
Q

The breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

A

resorption/bone resorption

60
Q

is part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of bone

A

resorption/bone resorption

61
Q

what percentage of the skeleton is compact bone?

A

80%

62
Q

what percentage of the skeleton is spongy bone?

A

20%

63
Q

strongest form of bone tissue

A

compact bone

64
Q

Found beneath the periosteum of all bones

A

compact bone

65
Q

makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones

A

compact bone

66
Q

Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

A

compact bone

67
Q

Composed of repeating structural units called osteons, or haversian systems

A

compact bone

68
Q

compact bone is composed of repeating structural units called

A

osteons, or haversian systems

69
Q

circular plates

A

Concentric Lamellae

70
Q

small spaces between the concentric lamellae

A

Lacunae

71
Q

canaliculi or

A

small channels

72
Q

are filled with extracellular fluid

A

canaliculi

73
Q

spongy bone can also be called

A

trabecular or cancellous bone

74
Q

do spongy bone contain osteon?

A

NO

75
Q
  • always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone
A

spongy bone

76
Q

spongy bone consists of ____________________ that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called trabeculae

A

lamellae

77
Q

trabeculae or

A

little beams

78
Q

irregular pattern of thin columns

A

trabeculae

79
Q

filled with red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow (in other bones)

A

Macroscopic Spaces

80
Q

Spongy bone tissue is ______________, which reduces the overall weight of a bone.

A

light

81
Q

support and protect the red bone marrow

A

Trabeculae of Spongy Bone Tissue

82
Q

is the only site where red bone marrow is stored

A

Spongy bone in the hip bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae, and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur

83
Q

the site where hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in adults.

A

Red Bone Marrow

84
Q

blood cell production

A

Hemopoiesis

85
Q

Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone

A
  • Periosteal arteries
  • Nutrient artery
  • Metaphyseal arteries
  • Epiphyseal arteries
86
Q

enter the diaphysis through many interosteonic canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone.

A

Periosteal arteries

87
Q

passes through a hole in compact bone called the nutrient foramen

A

Nutrient artery

88
Q

Nutrient artery passes through a hole in compact bone called the

A

nutrient foramen

89
Q

enter the metaphyses of a long bone

A

Metaphyseal arteries

90
Q

enter the epiphyses of a long bone

A

Epiphyseal arteries

91
Q

carry blood away from long bones

A

Veins

92
Q

Veins that carry blood away from long bones are evident in three places:

A
  1. One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis
  2. Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the epiphyses and metaphyses, respectively
  3. many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum
93
Q

what veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis?

A

One or two nutrient veins

94
Q

what veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the epiphyses and metaphyses, respectively

A

Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins

95
Q

what veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the periosteum

A

many small periosteal veins

96
Q

One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the

A

diaphysis

97
Q

Numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the

A

epiphyses and metaphyses

98
Q

many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit through the

A

periosteum

99
Q

is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

A

Bone remodeling

100
Q

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

A

Bone Resorption

101
Q

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

A

Bone Deposition

102
Q

Bone Resorption is the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by ?

A

osteoclasts

103
Q

Bone Deposition is the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by?

A

osteoblasts

104
Q

At any given time, about ______ of the total bone mass in the body is being remodeled.

A

5%

105
Q

also takes place at different rates in different regions of the body

A

Remodeling

106
Q

The distal portion of the femur is replaced about

A

every four months

Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture (5 decks)

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