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GCSE history > Power and the People > Flashcards

Power and the People Flashcards

1
Q

What was the name for tax in the medieval period?

A

scutage

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2
Q

Who was King Johns father?

A

Henry II

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3
Q

What were some nicknames King John was given?

A

Lackland or Softsword

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4
Q

What was King John forced to sign at Runneymead on 15th June 1215?

A

Magna Carta

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5
Q

Where did the black death start?

A

China

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6
Q

How did the black death start?

A

The Mongolians were using biological warfare - throwing plagued dead bodies at the enemies.

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7
Q

When did the black death arrive in England?

A

1348

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8
Q

How did the black death spread?

A

infected fleas on rats.

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9
Q

What happened to people that caught the black death disease?

A
  • flu symptoms
  • sickness
  • makes your tongue black
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10
Q

Who did people blame for the black death?

A
  • The Jewish population were blamed for poisoning wells
  • they blamed god, they thought god was punishing them
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11
Q

Where was the Magna Carta signed?

A

Runnymead

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12
Q

When did King John sign the Magna Carta?

A

15th June 1215

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13
Q

Where did the Black Death start?

A

China

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14
Q

How did the Black Death start?

A

The Mongolians were using biological warfare - throwing dead bodies at there enemies

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15
Q

How did the Black Death disease spread?

A

Infected fleas on rats

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16
Q

What happens to people that catch the Black Death disease?

A
  • makes your tongue all black
  • flu symptoms
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17
Q

Who did people blame for the Black Death?

A
  • people thought the Jewish community had poisoned the wells
  • people blamed god as they thought it was a punishment
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18
Q

How much of the British population died from the Black Death?

A

1/3 of the British population died from the Black Death

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19
Q

What factors led to the peasants revolt?

A
  • the Black Death
  • tax’s had risen from 1 groat to 4 groats
  • same wages as before the plague - they were working a lot more now
  • Richard II was a new, young and inexperienced king
  • unsuccessful campaigns against the France in the hundred year war
  • the poll tax - everyone had to pay the same tax
  • the church had been charging he the Peasants for pardons for sin
  • The statue of Labourers
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20
Q

When was the peasants revolt?

A

1381

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21
Q

What was the order of the feudal system?

A

Kings
Barons
Knights
Peasants

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22
Q

Why was the feudal system?

A
  • the social system in medieval England
  • the king was at the top and gave the Barons land in return for money and men to fight in the wars
  • the barons would then give some of their lands to the knights if they promised to fight when needed
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23
Q

When did John become king?

A

1199

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24
Q

What was the Feudal system?

A
  • The king was at the top of the system and gave the Barons land, in return for money and men to fight in wars.
  • The Barons gave some of their land to the knights, if they promised to fight when needed.
  • There was a Great Council where the Barons could meet and have their views and concerns heard. However Medieval Kings did not always listen to the Great Council
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25
Q

Why did King John have a disagreement with the pope?

A
  • King John refused to support the appointment of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.
  • The Archbishop of Canterbury often found himself as a key advisor to the King, so it was a very powerful role.
  • John was against his appointment because he did not want someone who would obey the pope and go against the kings wishes.
  • The pope then banned all Church Services in England, Marriages and Funerals.
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26
Q

Why were people threatened When the Pope banned all church services after his disagreement with King John?

A
  • The pope banned all church services in England, including marriages and funerals.
  • This frightened the people as they thought that without regular attendance at mass they would go to hell.
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27
Q

When was the Magna Carta signed?

A

15 June 1215

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28
Q

Why were the Barons nervous after King John and the Pope disagreed?

A
  • The Barons were nervous because, breakdown in relations between the King and the Pope could lead to an invasion from a foreign King.
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29
Q

Why did King John charge the Barons scutage (high tax)?

A
  • John Charged Barons to help him fight wars in France.
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30
Q

How did King John loosing wars affect the Barons?

A
  • It meant the Barons lost their land in France, so they lost money.
  • Despite this, John continued to charge them even higher feudal (high tax) payments.
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30
Q

Where was the Magna Carta signed?

A

Runneymede

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31
Q

How many promises did the Magna Carta make?

A

Contained 63 promises the Barons wanted King John to keep.

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32
Q

What were the six main clauses of the Magna Carta?

A
  • A Barons heir shall inherit his lands on payment of £100 to the King.
  • No Scutage shall be imposed upon the Barons except with the common council of the realm.
  • No freemen shall be arrested or imprisoned without a proper trial and according to the law of the land.
  • The English Church shall be free to make its own appointments.
  • All merchants shall have safety in staying and travelling in England, for buying and selling goods, free from evil tolls.
  • A group of 25 Barons will be created to monitor the King and ensure he commits to the Magna Carta (clause 61).
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33
Q

What was clause 61 of the Magna Carta?

A

A group of 25 Barons will be created to monitor the King and ensure he commits to the Magna Carta.

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34
Q

What was the reason for the Magna Carta?

A

Change the power of the King and give the Barons more control.

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35
Q

What was the main reasons the Barons were angry with King John?

A
  • Barons were angry with John because of his taxation policy.
    -The most hated tax scutage - Barons had to pay this if they did not fight for King John when asked.
  • The more the Barons disliked John, the less they wanted to fight, so the higher scutage they would have to pay.
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36
Q

What were the main 3 reasons the Barons were unhappy with King John?

A
  • high scutage
  • disagreements with the pope
  • John lost important land in France.
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37
Q

Why is the Magna Carta significant?

A
  • Magna Carta was not important to all people of England at the time it was signed - it only referred to freemen such as Barons, peasants and villeins were not free.
  • The Barons were looking out for their own interests when they made the Magna Carta, and only included the Church and Merchants because the needed to get more support against King John.
  • Magna Carta changed nothing for the ordinary people of Medieval England, only the politically powerful.
  • As years passed, Magna Carta became more significant. It applied to more people as they gained their freedom.
  • It introduced the idea that there are some laws and rules even kings have to follow, Kings cannot just do whatever they want.
  • After King John died, other kings signed similar versions of the Magna Carta, and today it is viewed as one of the first major steps in Britain’s journey to becoming one of the worlds best-known democracies.
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38
Q

What happened at the Siege of Rochester?

A
  • War had been declared.
  • The Barons had taken control of London and had requested support from France, the French King sent some knights to help secure London.
  • John was in Dover organising his army.
  • Rochester castle is between Dover and London.
  • The Barons occupied Rochester Castle, to try and gain advantage.
  • In October 1215, Johns men arrived with 5 siege engines, consisting of catapults and trebuchets.
  • They bombarded the castle with stone balls but they were not strong enough to break through the 3.6m wide stone walls of the castle.
  • John waited - he tried to starve the barons out.
  • On 25 November 1215 he sent an order to Canterbury to have pickaxes made, he was going to dig beneath the castle.
  • He sent out another order for 40 fat pigs.
  • By the end of November the kings men had dug a tunnel under the castles foundations.
  • The tunnels celling was supported by wooden props.
  • When the pigs eventually arrived, they were slaughtered and their fat was used to cover sticks that were under the wooden props. These were set on fire.
  • The fat burned at a high heat, so the wooden props holding up the castles wall burned away, and the wall collapsed.
  • John and his men stormed the castle.
  • The siege was over by 30 November 1215.
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39
Q

What happened after King John signed the Magna Carta?

A
  • King John quickly went back on his word.
  • He used the signing of the Magna Carta as a stalling tactic to allow him to gather troops and support.
  • In August 1215, the Pope came out in support of King John stating that, as he had been forced to sign the Magna carta it was invalid.
  • John had the support of the Pope, but the barons had the support of the French, whose king was ready to fight John.
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40
Q

Was the Magna Carta significant?

A
  • The power of the Monarch was limited after signing the Magna Carta.
  • However, the King could simply go against it if he wished.
  • It was not until 1295, during Edward Is reign that there was a parliament that represented people other than the Barons.
  • Some historians believe that the Magna Carta was a base for freedom and justice.
  • Other historians think it was merely a negotiation between John and the Barons, not the basis for human rights.
  • The Magna Carta was important to the Barons, not all people.
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41
Q

What happened in May 1216?

A
  • While King John was in Kent, The French Prince Louis arrived with troops.
  • The Barons had called for Louis and promised him the English Throne.
  • John fled to southwest England.
  • Louis, with the support of the Barons managed to take control of most of England. He did this by capturing strategic towns and castles.
  • John took land from the rebel Barons and gave it to his supporters, to try to regain control.
  • The Barons would not be put off, with the support of a foreign power they could defeat John. Johns royal authority had been diminished.
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42
Q

When was French Prince Louis announced King?

A
  • St Paul’s Cathedral
  • 2 June 1216
  • announced but not crowned king.
  • Scottish King Alexander II swore allegiance to Louis.
  • It seemed John had lost power and the Barons had won.
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43
Q

When did King John die?

A

October 1216

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44
Q

What happened after King John died (Magna Carta)?

A
  • The Barons decided they did not need a French King.
  • They crowned Johns young son, Henry.
  • This worked in the interest of the Barons as Henry was easy to deal with because he was a child.
  • His regent, The Earl of Pembroke, called for Englishmen to defend the country against Louis.
  • 28 October 1216, Henry III became King. The Barons reissued the Magna Carta and King Henry agreed to the conditions.
  • Power had been restored and the king had to follow the rules set out.
  • The events of the Barons war made it clear what would happen if the King did not follow the rules.
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45
Q

When did Henry III become King?

A

28 October 1216

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46
Q

What happened after the signing of the Magna Carta?

A
  • King John quickly went back on his word.
  • He had used the signing of the Magna Carta as a stalling tactic to allow him to gather troops and support.
  • August 1215, the Pope came out in support of John, stating that as John had been forced to sign the Magna Carta, it was invalid.
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47
Q

Who was Simon de Montfort?

A
  • After the Norman invasion in 1066, the de Montfort family was one of the first aristocratic families to come to England from Normandy.
  • Over the next 200 years they had lost more and more of their land to the king.
  • 1229, Simon (leading member of the de Montford family) tried to reclaim some of the land, so he approached Henry.
  • Henry agreed to give the family some land back, and made Simon one of his favourites and gave him the job of steward.
  • Simon enjoyed this role as it put him in a position to meet rich widows, and marrying one could sort out family finances.
  • He eventually married Henrys sister Eleanor. She married before at the age of 9, and was a widow when she was 16.
  • De Montford was then given special favour and sent to represent the king abroad. This position helped him with his main aim - reclaiming land that he felt his wife was owed by her first husbands family.
  • Simon marrying the Kings sister opened up the door to wealth and opportunity.
  • De Montford eventually became an opponent of the king and a controversial figure. Some people view him as a hero and the creator of modern democracy. Others view him as an opportunistic baron, who got lucky marrying the kings sister.
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48
Q

Who did Simon de Montford marry?

A
  • Simons role put him in a position to meet rich widows, and marrying one could sort out his family finances.
  • He eventually married Henrys sister Eleanor. She had been married before at the age of 9, and was a widow by the time she was 16.
  • De Montford was sent to represent the king abroad. This position helped him with his main aim - reclaiming land that he felt his wife was owed by her first husbands family.
  • Simon marrying the Kings sister opened up the door to wealth and opportunity.
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49
Q

When and Where did Simon de Montford die?

A
  • Died in the battle of Evesham.
  • August 1265.
  • Fighting against the king.
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50
Q

What was King Henry III relationship with the pope like?

A
  • Henry’s links with Rome created financial problems for England.
  • Henry had increased payments to the pope Innocent IV to help the pope fight wars in Europe.
  • Pope convinced Henry to help him remove the royal family of Sicily and put his young son, Edmund on the throne instead.
  • 4 years later, Henry failed to pay the promised money, another Pope (Alexander IV) threatened to excommunicate Henry.
  • The pope suggested that Henrys brother, Richard should become Holy Roman Emperor - an important job that would bring part of Europe under the control of the Pope.
  • Clever move by the Pope, it meant Henry and England would foot the bill for the Sicilian war, would also mean an increase in taxes for the Barons.
  • Henry gave away top jobs in English churches to Italian clergy. This stopped English men being promoted in the Church.
  • Led to Barons becoming increasingly frustrated by Henrys wiliness to obey the Pope.
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51
Q

What was King Henry III relationship with France like?

A
  • Henry had close ties with the French, especially the house of Lusigan, due to his marriage.
  • This relationship alarmed the Barons, as the English severely disliked the French.
  • Their alarm increased when Henry started to allow French men into parliament.
  • This was also down to his tutor and advisor, Peter de Roches, a French man.
  • The Barons started to feel that England was coming under foreign rule.
52
Q

What were the Gascon campaigns?

A
  • Henry III raised taxes to fund his campaigns to win back the land his father had lost in France.
  • 1230, he took his army to Brittany and Gascony.
  • He lost the campaign and returned to England.
  • 1248, Simon de Montfort was sent over to France to try again. He was ready to fight.
  • He crushed the rebellions and established order with a combination of military skills and ruthlessness.
  • The previously lost land was now under the control of King Henry III and Simon de Montford.
  • King was happy, until reports reached him about de Montfort’s use of force against the French in the occupied towns.
  • King was sympathetic to the French, so he called Simon back to England for an inquiry.
  • Simon was found innocent, Simon was furious with the King.
  • Henry insisted his son Edward should take charge of the campaign when Simon returned to France.
  • This angered Simon, he felt let down by the King. He considered fighting with the French against Henry.
  • Simon returned to England at the request of the Barons.
53
Q

Why was the relationship between King Henry III and the Barons deteriorated by 1254?

A
  • Henrys various schemes including lost land in France or more money to the Pope in Rome for wars against Sicily, angered the Barons.
  • Simon de Montfort was becoming the Barons spokesperson.
  • Barons refused to fund Henrys schemes.
54
Q

Why did Henry need the Barons help by 1254?

A
  • Henry now faced a crisis on 2 fronts.
  • He needed the support of the Barons, but the Barons did not support increased taxes.
  • This meant Henry could not provide the funds the Pope desired.
  • Without the money from increased taxes, it was likely Henry would be excommunicated.
55
Q

When was the siege of Rochester castle over by?

A

30 November 1215.

56
Q

On the 25 November 1215 what did King John send an order for?

A
  • pickaxes
  • 40 fat pigs
57
Q

Where is Rochester castle?

A

Between Dover and London.

58
Q

What was the provisions of Oxford, 1258?

A
  • de Montfort led the Barons who called the Great Council against Henry in 1258.
  • During the Great Council meeting, the King agreed to the provisions of Oxford.
  • This stated that from now on a council of 15 Barons would be in charge of the Great Council.
  • They would be elected by 24 men: 12 appointed by the King, and 12 by the Barons.
  • The King also agreed:
  • foreign members of the royal household would be banished.
  • castles would be held by Englishmen.
  • each county would have a sheriff and taxes would be decided locally.
59
Q

When did the Barons call The Great Council against King Henry III?

A

1258

60
Q

What was the effect of the Provisions of Oxford in 1258?

A
  • This settle some of the worries the Barons had about foreign control of England.
  • Barons refused to pay the planned payment to the pope over the wars in Sicily.
  • Provisions of Oxford gave the Barons the majority of power, as they stated that the Barons could make decisions without the kings presence or approval.
  • The King could not make decisions without the approval of the council.
  • Provisions of Oxford had a real impact on royal authority.
61
Q

Why were some Barons angered by the Provisions of Oxford?

A
  • Richard de Clare, the Earl of Gloucester, and many older Barons felt that the reforms were interfering with their local interests.
  • Younger Barons also disliked the Provisions of Oxford because they had not been elected to the council, and had therefore lost their influence.
  • People lower in society were given a greater say. The Barons longed for the feudal system when knights and burgesses had much less influence.
62
Q

What were the Provisions of Westminster?

A
  • The Provisions of Oxford were extended in October 1259, with the creation of the Provisions of Westminster.
  • These provisions reformed local government and were popular among the less powerful and wealthy members of society.
  • Many Barons resented the provisions, as they forced them to accept reforms demanded by their tenants.
63
Q

When were the Provisions of Westminster created?

A

October 1259

64
Q

How did King Henry III return to power after the provisions of Oxford and Westminster?

A
  • Henry wrote to the Pope and asked for his permission to cancel the provisions.
  • In 1261, Henry received confirmation from the pope that he would be released from the provisions. He appointed his own men to the council.
  • Henry was back in power and de Montfort left for France in disgust.
65
Q

Why is the Battle of Lewes significant?

A
  • After 3 years of Henrys revived rule, the Barons sent for de Montfort, they had had enough.
  • De Montfort returned and started the second Barons war.
  • England was now in the mist of another civil war.
  • Barons were fed up with negotiating and were now using military strength instead.
  • As a result, de Montfort and his men were victorious at the Battle of Lewes in 1264.
  • De Montfort captured the king and imprisoned his son, the young prince Edward.
  • England was now without its king, and in charge was Simon de Montfort.
  • England was on its way to being a republic.
66
Q

When was the Battle of Lewes

A

1264

67
Q

When was the battle of Evesham?

A

1265

68
Q

What happened in the battle of Evesham?

A
  • The Barons were concerned with their own interests and were also beginning to think that de Montfort was ruling as an autocrat.
  • Barons began to put all their support behind Henry. His son, Prince Edward had been released and had raised an army, they were out to get Simon de Montfort.
  • 4 August 1265 at the Battle of Evesham, de Montfort fell from his horse, crying ‘Gods Grace!’ before he landed. His body was then cut into pieces, even his genitals were cut off. The pieces were sent around the country as a warning.
69
Q

When did Simon de Montfort die?

A
  • 4 August 1265
  • at the Battle of Evesham
  • de Montfort fell from his horse, crying ‘Gods Grace!’ before he landed.
  • His body was then cut into pieces, even his genitals were cut off.
  • The pieces were sent around the country as a warning.
70
Q

Does Simon de Montfort deserve to be remembered 750 years later?

A
  • De Montfort’s parliament was not perfect, and parliament and its powers would continue to change throughout the Middle Ages.
  • The Kings power was not totally challenged until the Glorious Revolution, when parliament gained more control than the Monarch in 1688.
  • Most people agree that de Montfort was influential in the common mans growth of power, however women had to wait a few hundred more years for their voices to be heard.
71
Q

When did the Black Death arrive in England?

A
  • 1348
  • a ship arrived at Melcombe Regis in Dorset, bring goods from Europe.
  • The Black Death was also carried to England on the ship.
72
Q

How much of the British population did the Black Death kill?

A

1/3 of the population

73
Q

When was the Statue of Labourers?

A

1351

74
Q

What was the statue of Labourers?

A
  • 1351, Edward III passed the Statue of Labourers.
  • This angered the peasants.
  • Some peasants who had left their manor (the area their lord owned) were now captured and forced to work for their lord again.
  • Between 1377 and 1379, 70% of the people brought before the Justice of the Peace were accused of breaking the statue of Labourers.
  • It was clear that the peasants who had survived the Black Death were not afraid to stand up for themselves.
75
Q

What were the causes of the Statue of Labourers?

A
  • Black Death had the greatest impact on peasants, who made up the majority of the workforce.
  • It led to fields of crops being left to rot, since there weren’t enough people to bring in the harvests, and some villages being abandoned.
  • There were far fewer workers after the Back Death, so the peasants started demanding higher wages.
  • Good, strong and hard working peasants were now in demand.
  • So many peasants moved to neighbouring villages to look for better pay, or a fairer lord.
  • Local Lords and even the King started to become worried that the Peasants were gaining too much power and that the feudal system was starting to break down.
76
Q

What were the causes of the Peasants Revolt?

A
  • Statue of Labourers tried to control the peasants and there rising wages, but some peasants were in quite a powerful position.
  • Black Death had killed so many workers, and Landowners need workers to bring in the harvests.
  • Peasants started to question the way the government was running the country.
  • The new King, Richard II was young and inexperienced. He had taken over from his very able grandfather, Edward III.
  • John of Gaunt was one of Richard II main advisors and England’s most hated landowner. Gaunt advised Richard to raise taxes.
  • Richard was fighting unsuccessful campaigns against the French in the Hundred Years War. To help fund the campaigns he introduced poll tax.
  • By 1930, every person over the age of 15 had to pay 4 groats per year to the King, increased from the 1 groat they used to pay.
  • The Church had been exploiting peasants, the key people doing this was John Wyclif and John Ball. They argued that the Church should not be charging pardons for sins and that the Church should not have so much property when others were starving.
77
Q

When did the peasants Revolt begin?

A

1381

78
Q

What happened on the 30 May 1381 at Fobbing?

A
  • Soldiers turn up to support the tax collector John Bampton who has come to collect the poll tax.
  • The Peasants refuse to pay and threaten Bampton with his life.
  • Scared, Bampton rides straight back to London.
  • The villagers hide in the woods as they are worried they will be punished for their actions.
79
Q

What happened on the 2 June 1381 at Brentwood?

A
  • Rebels from other villages join forces.
  • When the Chief Justice is sent to the village to get what Bampton failed to, the men returned and threatened him with death.
  • When the Chief Justice leaves, the men find Bampton’s clerks and behead them.
  • They start setting fire to the houses of Bampton’s supporters.
80
Q

What happened on the 7 June 1381 in Maidstone?

A
  • Peasants in Kent March to Maidstone.
  • When they get there they hear a man called Wat Tyler speak, The rebels make him their leader.
  • The rebels free John Ball from Maidstone prison, and storm Rochester castle.
  • They destroyed tax records by burning down government buildings.
81
Q

What happened on the 12 June 1381 in Bishopsgate?

A
  • The rebels make it to the outskirts of London’s city walls and set up camp.
  • The King leaves the Tower of London.
  • The King sails to meet the Peasants.
  • When the peasants see his barge, there is so much shouting and booing that the kings men will not let him off the boat.
  • Richard II said he will meet the rebels on 17 June.
82
Q

What happened on the 13 June 1381 at the city of London?

A
  • Rebels enter through the city gates, opened by supporters.
  • They storm the Savoy Palace of John of Gaunt and burn it to the ground.
  • They kill foreign merchants and supporters of the King.
  • However not all the supporters are violent, as Wat Tyler has given specific orders for the Peasants to be peaceful.
  • The King offers to meet the rebels and their leader at mile end the next day.
83
Q

What happened on the 14 June 1381 at Mile end?

A
  • Wat Tyler meets the King and outlines the peasants demands.
  • The King is to give a royal pardon to all involved and all villeins are to be made freemen.
  • The King agrees and asks the peasants to go home in peace.
  • Some of the peasants go on another killing spree.
  • These men also kill the archbishop of Canterbury.
84
Q

What happened on 15 June 1381 at Smithfield?

A
  • Richard II meets the rebels again.
  • Tyler is bold and refuses to leave until the King agrees to his demands.
  • He wants a full change of the system of law.
  • He wants church lands to be given to the people and to get rid of all Bishops bar one.
  • The King agrees.
  • However one of the Kings men steps forward and kills Wat Tyler.
  • The Peasants are confused and some are ready to fight.
  • The King rides forward shouting ‘Will you shoot your King? I am your leader, follow me!’. The Peasants follow the King out of London.
  • The revolt is over.
85
Q

What happened after the Peasants Revolt?

A
  • After revolt Richard II did not keep his promises.
  • Rebel leaders were rounded up and hanged.
  • John Ball was hanged and then his body was cut into pieces, his head was stuck on a spike on London Bridge.
  • Wat Tyler’s head was next to John Balls head on London Bridge.
86
Q

What happened to John ball after the peasants revolt?

A
  • John Ball was hanged and then his body was cut into pieces, his head was stuck on a spike on London Bridge next to Wat Tyler’s head.
87
Q

What were the short-term impacts of the Peasants revolt?

A
  • Workers wages began to rise, as the situation from before the revolt was still the same: there was still a lack of workers, so the peasants could demand higher wages.
  • The landowners paid up, as they needed the workers.
  • Parliament eventually gave in and stopped trying to control the peasants wages.
  • Peasants were able to buy their own land, because there was so much unused after the black death. This freed them from having to work the lords land.
88
Q

What were the long-term impacts of the Peasants revolt?

A
  • Gradually peasants became independent and within 100 years peasants were freemen.
  • Poll tax never repeated in Medieval period, and taxes were never as high again.
89
Q

What does history say about the peasants revolt?

A
  • Generally considered a significant event in history.
  • Led to change for the peasants, and was the first time ordinary people had started a revolt (previously only Barons and nobles).
  • Some historians believe the revolt was unnecessary, their thought that society was already changing.
  • Socialist historians believe revolt was significant because it was the first working-class rebellion. Some say peasants were politicised and organised. And marked the beginning of English ideas of freedom.
90
Q

When did Henry VIII become King?

A

1509

91
Q

What was the Reformation?

A
  • reformation was religious movement in 1500s, began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Many people believed there was a problem with the Church’s wealth and its influence in society. Even the King started to question the church.
92
Q

What was England like before the Reformation?

A
  • Church had always been an important part of Medieval life.
  • Monasteries were at the centre of many communities, acting as hotels, hospitals and refuges for the poor.
  • Most people were happy with the role of the Church, but others started to feel that the monasteries and nunneries were becoming too powerful.
  • It was said that many people inside had forgotten their vows of poverty and were living a life of luxury, While people outside starved.
  • Changing attitudes to the monasteries and the catholic church in general were further fuelled by the writings of Martin Luther in 1517.
93
Q

Who was Martin Luther?

A
  • 1483-1546
  • Became increasingly angry about the clergy selling indulgences for sin - this was when people would give the priests money to get forgiveness from their sins. He believed that Christians were saved through their own fate.
  • Translated the bible into German. His ideas spread through Europe and started the Protestant reformation.
94
Q

Who was Thomas Cromwell?

A
  • 1485-1540
  • Blacksmiths son.
  • Well travelled.
  • Became part of Henry VIIIs court, soon becoming his most faithful servant.
  • He helped to secure Henrys divorce and make Henry wealthy again.
  • Historians had different views about him.
95
Q

Why did King Henry VIII do the Reformation?

A
  • King Henry VIII was a devout catholic but he was unhappy with the wealth and power of the Church.
  • Henry saw the pope as a competing power.
  • People would take direction from the Pope as the Head of the Church, but Henry wanted the people of Britain to only listen to him.
  • He was not a supporter of Luther and the new protestant religion, but he used these new ideas to go against the Pope and get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
  • Pope refused to give Henry a divorce. So Henry made himself head of the Church through the act of supremacy, 1534.
  • This gave him full control and he no longer had to pay taxes to the Pope in Rome.
96
Q

When was the act of supremacy?

A

1534

97
Q

What was the act of supremacy?

A
  • Pope refused to give Henry a divorce. So Henry made himself head of the Church through the act of supremacy, 1534.
  • This gave him full control and he no longer had to pay taxes to the Pope in Rome.
98
Q

Why were people unhappy about Henry’s changes (reformation)?

A
  • Rising prices - prices normally stayed the same every year, but they continued to rise under Henry. people blamed his advisors.
  • Changes to Religion - many people disliked the changes made to the church. They wanted the monasteries back and the Pope as head of the church.
  • Landowners lost influence - Many landowners who had been advisors to the king fell out of favour after the divorce. They had been supporters of Catherine and felt pushed out. They blamed Cromwell.
  • Cromwell’s Power - Cromwell was seen as the creator of the new religious policies and he had helped Henry get a divorce from Catherine. Many of the Landowners disliked him, as he was the son of a blacksmith and therefore seen as not good enough to advise the King.
99
Q

What happened to people who did not accept King Henry VIII as head of the church?

A
  • Many people refused to recognise Henry VIII as head of the Church, most famously his Lord Chancellor, Thomas Moore.
  • Henry created a law with the help of Thomas Cromwell, to make it treason not to accept Henry as the head of the church.
  • Thomas Moore was beheaded, people said that he died ‘as the king’s good servant, but God’s first’
100
Q

What problems did King Henry VIII have after the reformation?

A
  • Henry’s divorce was not the only problem he had.
  • Although he had made himself head of the Church of England and had stopped sending taxes to the Pope, he was still spending too much money.
  • His conflict with the Pope had angered Catholics in other European countries. He began to worry about invasion by foreign Catholics.
  • He therefore made sure every change he wanted was made through parliament. This way he could blame parliament for the changes.
101
Q

What is dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • Cromwell promised Henry VIII that he would make him the richest King in Europe. One way to do this would be to take the money from the monastries; these actions became known as dissolution of the monastries.
102
Q

What were the responses to the changes and Henrys reformation from the Church?

A
  • Not everyone was happy with the changes that Henry had made.
  • They did not support a complete break with Rome, leaving the King in full control.
103
Q

How was Thomas Cromwell going to make King Henry VIII the richest King?

A
  • Cromwell promised Henry that he would make him the richest King in Europe. One way to do this would be to take the money from the monastries; these actions became known as dissolution of the monastries.
  • The Monasteries controlled 1/4 of all the land in England and had a combined annual income of £200,000. This was nearly double the Kings income.
  • 1536, parliament passed an act closing all small monasteries that had an annual income of less than £200
104
Q

Why was there a rebellion which broke out in Yorkshire, 1536?

A
  • 1536, Rebellion broke out in Yorkshire.
  • An uprising by devout Christians, who were worried and angered by the changes that Henry had made to the church.
  • They had to be careful because the change in law meant that the criticism of religious changes was a criticism of the King.
  • They could be charged for treason.
  • They found a leader, Nathan Aske, a lawyer.
  • Aske was able to put a case together for the group to show that they were not against the King. Aske and the protestors believed in social hierarchy and royal authority.
  • The uprise was about religion and was against those who were seen to be corrupting it.
105
Q

What act did parliament pass in 1536?

A
  • 1536, parliament passed an act closing all small monasteries that had an annual income of less than £200
106
Q

What were the demands of the pilgrims (pilgrimage of grace)?

A
  • restore the monasteries (in the north of England the monasteries did important social work and were not as corrupt as some in the south)
  • Recognise the Pope as head of the Church.
  • dismiss Cromwell and other ministers who were giving the King poor advice.
107
Q

When did a rebellion broke out in Yorkshire (pilgrimage of grace)?

A

1536

108
Q

Which locations did the peasants capture in October 1536?

A
  • Throughout October 1536, the pilgrims captured key locations.
  • Rebellion began in Lincoln with Lord Hussey, who had been a loyal supporter of Catherine.
  • He wanted a removal of taxes at peacetime (a period when a country is not at war).
  • Then York and Pontefract castle, which had been held by Lord Darcy, a supporter of Henry, were captured.
  • Darcy surrendered to the pilgrims and joined their campaign.
  • By the end of October they had control of most of England, north of Cheshire and Lincolnshire.
109
Q

What did King Henry VIII do about the peasants gaining control of England in 1536?

A
  • Henry was worried.
  • He choose the Duke of Norfolk to represent him and negotiate with the pilgrims.
  • Norfolk was a Catholic and a critic of Cromwell.
  • The King was sure he would be the man to deal with the pilgrims.
110
Q

What happened on 27 October 1536 (Pilgrimage of Grace)?

A
  • 27 October 1536.
  • Norfolk met the pilgrims at Doncaster Bridge.
  • Norfolk had an army of 8,000 men.
  • Aske (pilgrims) had an army of 30,000 men.
  • Norfolk reassured Aske that he would present a list of demands straight to Henry.
  • The rebels took a month to draw up their demands.
  • The demands were the same as before, except they added that a parliament must meet in York. They wanted better representation for the North.
  • Norfolk reassured Aske and the rebels that royal pardons would be given.
  • Aske took off his pilgrims badge and the rebels went home.
111
Q

When did the Duke of Norfolk meet the pilgrims?

A
  • 27 October 1536.
  • At Doncaster Bridge.
112
Q

What happened after the pilgrims list of demands was given to Henry VIII (pilgrimage of grace)?

A
  • December 1536.
  • After list of demands had been given to the King.
  • Robert Aske spent the Christmas holiday with Henry at his palace in Greenwich.
  • Henry did not disagree with Aske regarding Cromwell.
  • Henry reassured Aske that him and the other rebels had Henrys support.
  • Meanwhile news was reaching the rebels that the King was strengthening his troops in the north - Henry had no intention of sticking to his word.
113
Q

When does the pilgrimage of grace break out again?

A

January 1537.

114
Q

What happens when the Pilgrimage of grace breaks out again?

A
  • January 1537.
  • Castles in Hull, Beverly and Scarborough were attacked by the rebels.
  • This gave Henry the excuse he needed to cancel the pardons.
  • Norfolk travelled north again and a further rebellion took him to Carlisle.
115
Q

How did the second break out of the Pilgrimage of Grace end?

A
  • Rebels surrendered.
  • 74 rebels were hanged in their own gardens.
  • Norfolk did not hang. (more because they felt they had been humiliated enough)
116
Q

What happened to Aske, Lord Darcy and Hussey after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • after the Pilgrimage of grace, Henry called for Aske, Darcy and Hussey.
  • When they arrived in London they were immediately arrested.
  • Cromwell was adamant that all those who had gone against the king should be killed.
  • Cromwell was keen to remain Henry’s most faithful servant, and he was also annoyed at people getting in the way of his reforms.
  • Aske was killed in York on 12 July 1537.
  • all landowners were required to come and watch his execution.
  • Darcy and Hussey had been beheaded the previous year in London.
  • Lord Darcy at his beheading told Cromwell that the rebellion was his fault and warned him.
117
Q

What happened to the Monasteries after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • The campaign against smaller monasteries in 1536 now gave way to the dissolution of larger monasteries in 1539.
  • The monasteries were coming to an end.
  • monastery land was bought by some landowners.
  • Many monasteries were left empty, having been stripped of the gold and jewels by the monks.
  • The doors, beams, lead and stained glass windows by locals.
  • It is thought that many Tudor houses still standing today have monastic beams in them.
118
Q

What happened to abbots that tried to resist the dissolution of larger monasteries after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Some abbots tried to resist the closures, e.g. the Abbot of Glastonbury.
  • He was dragged through the town, hanged and had his head placed on a spike on the abbey gates.
119
Q

Does Henry get what he wants from the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Court finances improved greately after the Pilgrimage, with the money from the monasteries.
  • Henry spent this money developing the royal navy, building more ships like the Mary Rose, and reinforcing fortifications; he was still worried about foreign attack.
  • No more rebellions took place during Henry VIIIs reign.
  • The 200 executions that took place at the end of the uprising were a warning to those who dared to challenge Henrys authority - Even Thomas Cromwell was executed.
120
Q

What did Henry do in the long term after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • in the long term Henry consolidated his control in the north with the council of the north.
  • He increased the power of loyal families and secured the border with Scotland
121
Q

In which battle did Simon de Montford imprison King Henry?

A

Battle of Lewes

122
Q

Who was the leader of the Peasants Revolt?

A

Wat Tyler

123
Q

How many executions were there after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

200 - even Thomas Cromwell was executed.

124
Q

When was Thomas Cromwell executed?

A

July 1540

125
Q

Why was Thomas Cromwell executed after the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • He had fallen out with King Henry VIII and was charged with treason and corruption.
  • Henry blamed Cromwell for encouraging him to marry Anne of Cleves, his 4th wife, who was not to Henry’s liking.
  • Cromwell was beheaded in July 1540.
126
Q

When did Queen Elizabeth die?

A

1603

127
Q

When did Charles 1 become king?

A

1625

128
Q

What is the ‘Eleven years tyran

A

GCSE history (5 decks)

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