6. The cell cycle

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

cell’s genetic information/cell’s DNA

Question 2

what does chromatin consist of?

Answer 2

the entire complex of DNA + proteins building chromosomes

Question 3

which protein attaches two sister chromatids together?

Answer 3

cohesins

Question 4

which phase is the most variable in length?

Answer 4

G1

Question 5

the 5 phases of mitosis

Answer 5

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 6

in which phase does the mitotic spindle begin to form in the cytoplasm?

Answer 6

during Prophase

Question 7

during which phase do the spindle microtubules start to attach to the 2 kinetochores of the chromosome?

Answer 7

during Prometaphase

Question 8

CLEAVAGE process

Answer 8

cytokinesis in animal cells

Question 9

how does cytokinesis happen?

Answer 9

due to the interaction of actin microfilaments with myosin molecules

Question 9

which organisms undergo binary fission?

Answer 9

• prokaryotes= bacteria and archaea
  -single-celled eukaryotes= amoeba

Question 10

the difference of binary fission in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 10

in eukaryotes (amoeba) binary fission includes mitosis

Question 11

which are the regulatory molecules of the cell cycle control?

Answer 11

• protein kinases
  -cyclins

Question 12

the condition of protein kinases to be in their active form

Answer 12

they must be attached to a cyclin

Question 13

CDKs

Answer 13

cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 14

what happens to the cyclin rate during the S and G2 phases?

Answer 14

it rises rapidly

Question 15

what happens to the cyclin rate during the M phase?

Answer 15

it goes down

Question 16

MPF

Answer 16

maturation-promoting factor or
M-phase promoting factor

Question 17

the role of MPF

Answer 17

triggers the cell passage to the M phase

Question 18

what happens to MPF during anaphase?

Answer 18

it initiates that destroys cyclin and inactivates CDK (the non-cyclin part of the MPF)

Question 19

the two types of cancer are

Answer 19

1. Benign tumor
2. Malignant tumor

Question 20

Benign tumor

Answer 20

when abnormal cells do not spread to other tissues
does not cause serious problems, it is removed surgically

Question 21

metastasis

Answer 21

spread of tumor cells to other sites of other tissues

Question 22

which is the longest phase of mitosis?

Answer 22

prophase

Question 23

what differs between two homologous chromosomes?

Answer 23

alleles

Question 24

what kind of reproduction do yeast cells undergo?

Answer 24

asexual

Question 25

do genetic differences occur during asexual reproduction?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what kind of reproduction do fungi and protists undergo?

Answer 26

sexual

Question 27

Leptotene

Answer 27

1st phase of prophase 1
chromosomes start to condense, homologous ch. start to condense

Question 28

Zygotene

Answer 28

2nd phase of Prophase 1
homologous chromosomes align together in synapsis. the paired ch. are called bivalents/tetrads

Question 29

Pachytene

Answer 29

3rd phase of prophase 1
crossing over happens

Question 30

diplotene

Answer 30

5th phase of prophase 1
homologous ch. separate, but remain attached at points called CHIASMATA

Question 31

DIAKINESIS

Answer 31

last phase of prophase 1
nuclear membrane begins to break down