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Anatomy and Physiology: 2 > female reproductive > Flashcards

female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what are the goals of the female reproductive system?

A
  1. produce gametes
  2. prepare body to nurture a developing conceptus
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2
Q

what are the primary reproductive organs in a female?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what are the major functions of the ovaries?

A
  • produce female gametes (oocytes)
  • secrete steroid sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
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4
Q

what are the accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • ducts (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
  • external (vulva)
  • glands (mammary)
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5
Q

parts of the ovaries?

A
  • ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
  • suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
  • mesovarium: suspends ovary
  • surrounded by fibrous tunica albuginea
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6
Q

what are the two poorly defined regions of the ovaries?

A
  • outer cortex: houses forming oocyte in ovarian follicles; site of ovulation
  • inner medulla: contains large blood vessels and nerves
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7
Q

what are the uterine tubes?

A

known as the fallopian tube and oviducts
- ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum

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8
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

the usual site of fertilization

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9
Q

what are the layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. perimetrium: outer serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
  2. myometrium,: interlacing layers of smooth muscle
  3. endometrium: inner mucosal lining; site of implantation
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10
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis:
- changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
- shed during menstruation
Stratum basalis:
- unresponsive to ovarian hormones
- forms new functionalis after menstruation

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11
Q

details of puberty?

A
  • 8-10 yrs old
  • triggereby by rising levels of GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates anterior pit to secrete FSH and LH
  • FSH stimulates ovarian follicles and they secrete estrogen, progesterone
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12
Q

what is thelarche?

A

onset of breast development, the earliest noticeable sign of puberty

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13
Q

what is pubarche?

A

the appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands

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14
Q

what is menarche?

A
  • first menstrual period
  • 17% body fat
  • leptin stimulates gonadotropin secretion
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15
Q

what causes changes in puberty?

A
  • estradiol: stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, growth hormone secretion, fat deposition, thicken skin
  • progesterone: primarily acts on the uterus preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
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16
Q

what is climacteric?

A

midlife change in hormone secretion
- beings with 1000 folicles left
- uterus, vagina, and breast atrophy
- cholesterol levels rise, increasing risk of cardiovascular disease
- bone mass decline, increase risk of osteoporosis
- blood vessels constrict and dilate

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17
Q

what does Hormone replacement therapy do?

A

low doses of estrogen and progesterone to relieve some of these symptoms

18
Q

what is menopause?

A
  • cessation of menstrual cycles
    – Usually occurs between ages of 45 and 55
    – Age of menopause has increased in last century
    – Menopouse considered complete when there has been no menstruation for
    a year
19
Q

what are the stages of follicle development?

A

oocytes develops in a follicle within ovaries

20
Q

what is the menopause therory?

A
  • prehistoric older mother would not live long
    enough to rear an infant to a survivable age
    – Better to become infertile and help rear her grandchildren
21
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

maturation of the ovarian follicle

22
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the beginning of an egg
- in ovaries
- 2n (stem cells - oogonia) become n (ovum)

23
Q

what are the phases of follicular development and oogenesis?

A
  1. fetal period -> birth
    - oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiply by mitoses and store nutrient
    - primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles
    - primary oocytes begin meiosis, but stall in prophase 2. infancy -> puberty
    - remain stalled in prophase 1
  2. puberty -> menopause
    - ovulation alternates between left and right ovaries
24
Q

ovarian and uterine cycle?

A
  • onset at puberty and year following puberty
  • 28 days long
  • regulated by tropic hormones from hypothalami-pituitary axis: GnRh, FSH, LH and ovarian hormones: estrogen and progesterone
25
Q

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. follicular phase (avg 14 days) - ovulation at day 14
  2. luteal phase (14 days)
26
Q

what happens during day 28 of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • GnRH release of FSH and LH (estrogen release)
  • estrogen output by the graafian follicle increase
  • high estrogen levels = positive feedback effect on the pituitary at midcycle
  • sudden LH surge at day 14
  • effects of LH surge: completion of meiosis 1, triggers ovulation
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone
27
Q

what are the details of the uterine cycle?

A

the build-up of the endometrium in preparation for implantation
- occurs 6-7 days post ovulation

27
Q

what is fertilization?

A

when the sperm’s chromosomes combine with those of a secondary oocytes to form a fertilized egg

28
Q

from egg to zygote?

A
  • oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 days
  • sperm are viable 24 to 48 hours after ejaculation
28
Q

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. menstrual phase
    - ovarian hormone are at their lowest levels
    - gonadotrophins are beginning to rise
    - stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs
  2. Proliferative phase
    - estrogen levels promotes generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis pf progesterone receptors in endometrium
    - glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
  3. secretory phase
    - progesterone levels promote; further development of endometrium, glandular secretion of glycogen , formation of the cervical mucus plus
29
Q

what is placentation?

A

the formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissue
- fully formed by 3rd month
- secretes; human placental lactogen, human chorionic thyrotropin and relaxin

30
Q

what are the extraembryonic membranes?

A
  1. Amnion: epiblast cells form a transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid
  2. yolk sac: sac that hangs from the ventral surface of the embryo
    - part of the digestive tube
    - source of the earliest blood cells, blood vessels, and germ cells
  3. allantois: small outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac
    - structural base for the umbilical cord
    - part of the urinary bladder
  4. chorion: helps form the placenta
    - gas and nutrient exchange
31
Q

what are the anatomical changes from pregnancy?

A
  • uterus expands, occupies most of abdominal cavity
  • lordosis occurs
  • weight gain
  • relaxin: pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis relax to ease birth passage
32
Q

what are the metabolic changes from pregnancy?

A

placental hormones: human placental lactogen, human chorionic somatomammotrophin
- maturation of the breasts, fetal groth, and glucose sparing in the mother
- human chorionic thyrotropin (maternal metabolism)

33
Q

what are the physiological changes from pregnancy?

A
  • GI tract: morning sickness due to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone
  • urinary: urine production due to metabolism and fetal waste
  • respiratory: estrogens may cause nasal edema and congestion, tidal volume incr
  • cardiovascular: 25 -40%, BP and pulse rise
    venous return from lower limbs may be impaired
34
Q
A
34
Q

what are braxton hicks contractions?

A

relatively weak contractions of the uterus over the course of gestation

35
Q

what happens during the last few weeks of pregnancy?

A
  • fetal secretion of cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete more estrogen
  • causes production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium
  • surfactant protein A from fetal lungs causes softening of cervix
  • fetal oxytocin causes the placenta to produce prostaglandins
35
Q

what are the stages of labor?

A
  1. dilation
    - longest stage of labor 6-12hrs, initial weak contractions 15-30 min apart (vigorous and rapid)
    - amnion ruptures
  2. expulsion
    - strong contraction every 2-3 min, 1 min long
    - urge to push incr
  3. placental stage
    - strong contraction continue, causing detachemnt of the placenta and compression of the uterine vessles
36
Q

lactation details?

A
  • production of milk by the mammary glands
  • toward the end of pregnancy (estrogen, progesterone, and lactogen stimulate the hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors
  • anterior pituitary releases prolactin
  • colostrum: yellowish secretion rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, and IgA antibodies
  • oxytocin causes the letdown reflex
37
Q

what are the advantages of breast milk?

A
  • fats and iron are easily absorbed: amino acids more easily metabolized, compared to cow’s milk
  • beneficial chemicals: IgA, complement, lysozyme, interferon, and lactoperoxidase
  • interleukin and prostaglandins prevent overzealous inflammatory responses
  • natural laxative effect
  • encourages bacterial colonization of the large intestine

Anatomy and Physiology: 2 (6 decks)

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