PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 14)

Question 1

How is disordered behavior defined?

Answer 1

3 criteria; deviance from social norms of acceptability, *maladaptive to the individual, **cause of personal distress or risk of harm to self/others

Question 2

Deviance from Social Norms of Acceptability

Answer 2

what is “abnormal” differs across cultures and across times in history (e.g., Great Depression, no one threw away anything – now the same behavior is refelctive of the disorder hoarding)

Question 3

Maladaptive to the Individual

Answer 3

interferes with at least one large sphere of life –work,
relationships, etc

Question 4

Cause of Personal Distress of Harm to Self/Others

Answer 4

one can behave very differently from social norms
–if it is not maladaptive, nor increased distress…it
is NOT a disorder

Question 5

Clinical Disorders

Answer 5

generally more severe, can be temporary or long-lasting, result in a low level of functioning and/or high distress, leading to diagnosis

Question 6

Personality Disorders

Answer 6

milder disorders, longstanding, usually a higher level of functioning, may not necessarily seek treatment

Question 7

What is the DSM5?

Answer 7

diagnostic manual; provides a common language/dictionary for professionals to discuss common clusters of symptoms

Question 8

T/F: Depression is a internalizing, mood disorder

Answer 8

true

Question 9

What is depression?

Answer 9

the presence of a sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes – significantly impact an individual’s ability to function

Question 10

Consequences of Depression

Answer 10

worsens the outcome of other common diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease; strongest risk for suicide

Question 11

How widespread is depression?

Answer 11

4th in disease burden; number 1 cause of disability worldwide; 1 in 3 people will have a least 1 episode of major depression in lifetime; 64% of college students in US report feeling sad; 34% of college students report at least once in the past 12 months felt so depressed difficult to function

Question 12

Where do different depressive disorders differ?

Answer 12

duration, timing, etiology (causation)

Question 13

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Answer 13

5 or more of the listed 9 symptoms in DSM5; and either depressed mood and/or diminished interest/pleasure (most of the day nearly every day); 2-week period; causes significant distress or impairment in important
areas of functioning

Question 14

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Answer 14

depressed mood (most of the day nearly every day); 2 or more symptoms in DSM5; 2 years – w/o a break lasting more than 2 months at a time; causes significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Question 15

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Answer 15

at least one symptom from list B, at least one symptom from list C, at least 5 symptoms total across lists B and C in DSM5; present in the final week before the onset of menses and start to improve within a few days of the start of menses, and become minimal/absent in the week post menses; causes significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Question 16

Other Specified Depressive Disorder

Answer 16

depression that significantly affects someone but doesn’t fit other specific depressive disorders, a catch-all term

Question 17

Depression Specifiers

Answer 17

with seasonal patterns and with peripartum onset

Question 18

Seasonal Pattern (in depression)

Answer 18

been a regular and temporal relationship between the onset of depression and a particular time of the year; full remissions also occur at a characteristic time of the year; episodes like these happened at least twice in the past 2 years

Question 19

Peripartum Onset

Answer 19

if onset of mood symptoms occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery; 50% of ‘postpartum’ major depressive episodes actually begin before delivery, thus collectively referred to as peripartum

Question 20

Heritability of Depression

Answer 20

concordance rates for Identical twins are 2-3
times higher rates than fraternal twins

Question 21

T/F: Depression is polygenetic

Answer 21

true; more than one gene is implicated in having depression

Question 22

T/F: Depression involves just one monoamine

Answer 22

false

Question 23

Diathesis Stress Model

Answer 23

interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (the diathesis) and stress caused life experiences

Question 24

What causes Depression?

Answer 24

diathesis stress model, life stress, and buffers

Question 25

Types of Life Stress

Answer 25

chronic (long-time)/acute (one-time); interpersonal (break-up)/non-interpersonal (flat tire); threat (lost job)/loss (death)

Question 26

Cognitive Processes

Answer 26

overgeneralizing (one bad thing happens and you generalize it to everything), catastrophizing, black and white thinking, personalization (acting like every single thing is your fault), external locus of control, vew of negative events stable and global (out of control and will persist)

Question 27

Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders

Answer 27

30% for lifetime prevalence; 61% college students suffer frequent (subclinical) anxiety; millennials and GenZ suffer the highest rates of anxiety disorders in general

Question 28

How are anxiety disorders characterized?

Answer 28

severe, irrational fear or worry that disrupts functioning – but different types

Question 29

Generalized Anxiety

Answer 29

chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus; “free floating” anxiety

Question 30

Symptom of Generalized Anxiety

Answer 30

hypervigilance - attentional bias toward potential threats, or even threat words

Question 31

Phobias

Answer 31

specific fear of an object or action; irrationally exaggerated, interferes with life

Question 32

Most common phobia?

Answer 32

public speaking/social anxiety; 5-13% of general population

Question 33

Social Anxiety

Answer 33

fear of speaking, eating or performing in public, or of social interaction more generally; can be general or focused on performance situations (public speaking) or interactional situations (casual convos)

Question 34

Risk factor of social anxiety

Answer 34

inhibited temperament

Question 35

Panic Disorder

Answer 35

recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and terror

Question 36

What does a panic attack feel like?

Answer 36

feels like you’re dying; overwhelming sense of doom

Question 37

What’s the most painful/scary part of panic disorders? And what are the effects?

Answer 37

fear of having a panic attack impairs people more than the actual attacks do; can reduce a person’s ability to be in public, drive a car, go out of the house

Question 38

How heritable is panic disorder?

Answer 38

moderately heritable; 40%

Question 39

What may panic disorder result from?

Answer 39

anxiety sensitivity - oversensitivity to one’s on physiological responses - triggers feelings of panic

Question 40

What may anxiety sensitivity reflect?

Answer 40

increased arousal of central nervous system - especially sympathetic fight/flight responses

Question 41

What can exacerbate/aggravate panic disorder?

Answer 41

caffeine use or smoking

Question 42

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Answer 42

experience of mania; rare compared to depression - 4% prevalence

Question 43

Mania Symptoms include…

Answer 43

feelings of elation - racing thoughts, faster than normal speech, grandiosity/inflated self esteem - hyperactive/lack of sleep, hypersocial, impulsive behavior (like overspending)

Question 44

Bipolar 1

Answer 44

one full episode of mania lasting a week or longer or requiring hospitalization; can also include depression (but not required for diagnosis)

Question 45

Bipolar 2

Answer 45

hypomania (subclinical mania, less extreme); plus at least one depressive episode; extremely difficult to diagnose and treat because hypomania leaves a person fully functional and it feels good, so many bipolar 2 patients are not seen until they get depressed (which usually results in them getting diagnosed with depression rather than bipolar disorder)

Question 46

Schizophrenia

Answer 46

split mind; disturbances of thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes; relatively low prevalence (0.5-1%)

Question 47

When does schizophrenia usually emerge?

Answer 47

late teens and 20s

Question 48

Core symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 48

delusions/irrational thoughts(); hallucinations - can be of any sense, but usually auditory(); disorganized incoherent speech - loose associations and word salad(*); disorganized/strange behavior; disturbed emotional express/flat affect; NEED TO HAVE 2 OR MORE OF THESE (AT LEAST ONE OF THE STARRED ONES) FOR 6 MONTHS OR LONGER TO BE DIAGNOSED

Question 49

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 49

presence of experiences that are non-normative; hallucinations or delusions

Question 50

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 50

lack/absence of experiences that are normative; flat affect, lack of motivation, or lack of sociality

Question 51

T/F: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are easier to treat than negative

Answer 51

true

Question 52

T/F: negative symptoms are more common in women

Answer 52

false