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Chemistry > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which Elements exist as Diatomic Molecules?

A
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Fluorine (F)
  5. Chlorine (Cl)
  6. Bromine (Br)
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2
Q

Formula for Ammonia

A

NH3

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3
Q

Formula for Methane

A

CH4

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4
Q

Formula for Ammonium

A

NH4+

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5
Q

Formula for Hydroxide

A

OH-

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6
Q

Formula for Sulfate

A

SO42-

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7
Q

Formula for Nitrate

A

NO3-

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8
Q

Formula for Carbonate

A

CO32-

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9
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

The mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants

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10
Q

Why might the mass of the products not equal the mass of the reactants ?

A
  • The reaction may react in unexpected ways
  • reaction may not finish
  • product may be lost when being removed
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11
Q

What is Avagraodo’s constant?

A

6.02 x 1023

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12
Q

Formula for Moles?

A

Moles = Mass/ Mr

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13
Q

What is an exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings e.g combustion

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14
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings e.g thermal decomposition

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15
Q

Applications of Exothermic Reactions

A
  • Handwarmers
  • Self cooking meals
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16
Q

Applications of Endothermic Reaction?

A

Sports Ice packs

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17
Q

What does energy change =

A

Total Energy needed to break the bonds - Total energy released when new bonds are formed

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18
Q

If energy change is negative..

A

reaction is exothermic BENDOMEXO

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19
Q

if energy change is positive..

A

reaction is endothermic BENDOMEXO

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

What is oxidation

A
  • The gain of oxygen or the loss of electrons.
  • The substance oxidised is the reducing agent
22
Q

What is reduction

A
  • The loss of oxygen or the gain of electrons
  • The substance reduced is the oxidisation agent
23
Q

What does an acid + metal make?

A

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen

24
Q

What do an acid + metal oxide make?

A

Acid + Metal Oxide -> Salt + Water

25
Q

Acid + Metal Hydroxide leads to?

A

Acid + Metal Hydroxide -> Salt + Water

26
Q

Acid + Alkali leads to?

A

Salt + Water

27
Q

Acid + Metal Carbonate leads to

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

28
Q

What do metals dissolve in water and make

A

H+ ions

29
Q

What do alkalis dissolve in water and make?

A

OH- ions

30
Q

An acid dissolves in water to produce?

A

Hydrogen ions

31
Q

An alkali dissolves in water to produce….-

A

Hydorxide ions (OH-)

32
Q

What is pH

A

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is

33
Q

In a neutralisation reaction, what happens with the ions of acid and alkali

A

The hydrogen and hydroxide ions react and make water

34
Q

What is a strong acid?

A
  • An acid that fully dissociates into ions when dissolved into water
  • no trace of the original acid is left it is H+ ions and something else depending on the acid
  • the change is not reversible
  • e.g Hydrocloric acid
35
Q

What is a weak acid?

A
  • an acid that does not fully dissociate into ions when dissolved in water
  • Only some of the acid molecules become ions and the change can be reversed
    E.g ethanoic acid
36
Q

What does pH tell us about acids?

A
  • The pH of acids is directly related to the concentration of H+ ions, the more H+ ions the stronger the acid
  • each pH is a division of 10 for concentration of H+
37
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis is the breaking down of a molten or aqueous ionic compound using electricity

38
Q

Why does the ionic compound have to be in a liquid form?

A
  • Because only in liquid form does ionic compounds conduct electricity as the ions are free to move and carry charge
39
Q

What goes to the anode? (MOLTEN)

A
  • Negative ions go to the anode in IONIC electrolysis as the anode is positively charged so negative ions go to it (e.g non metals) They lose electrons at the anode and from atoms
40
Q

What goes to the cathode (MOLTEN)

A
  • The positive ions go to the cathode as the cathode is negatively charged and so it attracts the positive ions and at the cathode the positive ions gain electrons and become atoms (mainly metals)
41
Q

What redox happens at the anode?

A

OXIDATION

42
Q

What redox happens at the cathode

A

REDUCTION

43
Q

What is formed at the cathode for AQUEOUS

A
  • because there are 2 positive ions, the metal and the hydrogen, the least reactive element is produced
  • H2 is formed
44
Q

What is formed at the Anode for AQUEOUS?

A
  • At the anode either a halogen if available or the hydroxide ion, which gains electrons and forms oxygen
45
Q

What is electroplating?

A

Electroplating is the use of electricity to coat a metal with another (more expensive or less reactive) metal

46
Q

What is the cathode in electroplating?

A

The object you want to coat with another metal

47
Q

What is the anode in electroplating?

A

Metal you want to coat the object with (e.g silver)

48
Q

What is the electrolyte in electroplating?

A

Has to be a solution containing ions of the metal you are coating the object with (e.g silver nitrate)

49
Q

What will happen in electroplating

A
  • the metal ions in the electrolyte will go to the cathode (which has the object we want to coat) REDUCTION
  • at the anode the silver atoms will lose electrons and turn into silver ions in the electrolyte OXIDATION
50
Q

Purifying Metals using Electroplating

A
  • Copper in anode will turn into ions into solutions OXIDATION
  • These copper ions in the solution will go to cathode and become copper atoms REDUCTION and coat the cathode which is pure copper in more copper
  • Impurities from copper will fall out of the anode and collect at the bottom
51
Q

What is the Cathode, Anode and Electroltye in purifiying metals using electroplating

A
  • Cathode is pure substance (e.g copper)
  • Anode is impure substance (e.g impure copper)
  • Electrolyte must have ions of substance to be coated with (e.g copper sulfate)

Chemistry (10 decks)

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