tectonic hazards

Question 1

ways to manage hazards

Answer 1

• prediction
• protection
• preparation

Question 2

what is prediction

Answer 2

using past evidence to determine when earthquakes may happen and where

Question 3

what is preparation

Answer 3

identifying the buildings most at risk - eg hospitals and schools - and protecting them

Question 4

what is protection

Answer 4

designing buildings that will withstand hazards

Question 5

building controls examples

Answer 5

shutter windows, deep foundations, shock absorbers

Question 6

what is a natural hazard

Answer 6

a natural hazard is an natural event, like volcanoes and earthquakes, that poses a threat to society

Question 7

types of natural hazards

Answer 7

geological hazards - volcanoes, earthquakes
meteorological hazards - tropical storms

Question 8

different factors that affect hazard risk

Answer 8

• urbanisation
• poverty
• capacity to cope
• nature of the hazard (type, magnitude, frequency)

Question 9

layers of the earth

Answer 9

• crust
• mantle
• outer core
• inner core

Question 10

types of plate margins

Answer 10

destructive plate margins
constructive plate margins
conservative plate margins

Question 11

what is a destructive plate margin

Answer 11

in a destructive plate margin, the plates are moving towards each other. this is a zone of subduction

Question 12

what is a constructive plate margin

Answer 12

in a constructive plate margin, the plates move away from each other, and the magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap, cools, forming new crust

Question 13

what is a conservative plate margin

Answer 13

in a conservative plate margin the plates are either moving in different speeds in the same direction or moving past each other

Question 14

where are volcanoes formed

Answer 14

destructive or constructive

Question 15

how is a volcano formed

Answer 15

in a destructive plate margin, the denser oceanic plate sinks under the less dense continental plate as they move towards each other. as the oceanic plate sinks it is heated by the mantle, and melts. this is less dense than the magma so it rises, breaking through the continental crust, forming a volcano

Question 16

where are earthquakes formed

Answer 16

at all plate margins

Question 17

tension build up in each plate margin

Answer 17

constructive - plates move away from each other and

Question 18

general primary effects of earthquake

Answer 18

• buildings and bridges destroyed, homes collapsed
  -people killed or injured by collapsed buildings and debris falling
• roads, railways and airports damaged
• water pipes, gas pipes, electricity cables damaged

Question 19

general secondary effects of earthquake

Answer 19

• can trigger landslides or tsunamis
• leaking gases can be ignited, starting fires
• shortage of clean water, diseases can spread easily
• repairs and reconstruction can be very expensive

Question 20

general immediate responses to an earthquake

Answer 20

• recovering of dead bodies to prevent spread of disease
• put out fires
• temporary shelters set up for those with homes damaged
• rescue people trapped by buildings

Question 21

general long term responses to an earthquake

Answer 21

• re-house people who have lost their homes
• reconnect electricity, gas and water pipes
• improve building regulations to keep buildings protected from future earthquakes
• set up initiatives to help economic recovery. eg. tourism promotion

Question 22

general primary effects of a volcano

Answer 22

• buildings and roads destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows
• people and animals injured or killed
• crops damaged, water polluted by ash
• suffocation by volcanic gases

Question 23

general secondary effects of a volcano

Answer 23

• transport networks blocked