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History AQA > Conflict and Tension > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the Big 3 and who ruled each country

A

France- Georges Clemencau
Britain- David Lloyd George
USA- Woodrow Wilson

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2
Q

how many countries met at the palace of Versailles to discuss Germany’s punishments?

A

32

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3
Q

What was their main aim?

A

To prevent a future war like this- this is why WW1 was called ‘The war of all wars’

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4
Q

How long did the Paris Peace conference last for?

A

12 months/ a year

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5
Q

Why did France want to punish Germany so harshly?

A

Georges Clemenceau wanted to heavily punish the Germans.
The First World War had been fought on French soil so they had seen much of their land and resources (like railways) destroyed.
They also suffered the most deaths and, due to location, France and Germany shared a border, making it scarier and more worrying for France.

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6
Q

What were France’s aims?

A

To cripple Germany financially and make sure no war like this happened again.
France also wanted the demilitarisation of the Rhineland.

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7
Q

Why did Woodrow Wilson not want to financially destroy Germany/ punish them harshly?

A
  1. joined the war late, lost less men
  2. didn’t see physical effects of war on their own soil.
  3. made lots of money from selling weapons.
  4. wanted to continue trade with Germany.
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8
Q

Why was Wilson’s 14 point plan created?

A

He wanted Germany to be self determined (country rules itself) and wanted them to trade freely and recover after the war.
The plan was also created to spread peace and fairness across the world.

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9
Q

What was the difference between the public’s opinion on the treaty compared to David’s?

A

The public wanted to make Germany pay, whereas David wanted to treat Germany fairly as a greater punishment would provoke German’s into wanting revenge

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10
Q

What did David want from Germany?

A

Its overseas territories

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11
Q

what were the terms of the ToV
HINT use the mnemonic: TRAWL

A

T- territories
R- reparations
A- armaments
W- war guilt
L- league of nations

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12
Q

The terms of the ToV

A

Germany was split as the Polish Corridor was given to Poland. This allowed Poland to have access to sea trade.

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13
Q

How did new countries motivate Hitler?

A

New countries had been formed from the German empire including Czechoslovakia and Poland. This caused many German speakers to live there- motivating Hitler’s want for reuniting of all German speakers.

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14
Q

“Germany’s colonies in Africa were taken and controlled as ‘mandates’ by the LoN.”
What was actually happening?

A

Germany’s colonies were taken and now being controlled by France and Britain.

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15
Q

What % of German land was taken? Name some places.

A

13%
included Alsace Lorraine, Eupen, Malmedy.

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16
Q

What happened to the Saar and what was it?

A

The Saar was an industrialised area in Germany and it was given to France.

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17
Q

definition: anschluss

A

During WW1, Austria and Germany united against the allied forces.
Anschluss meant that Germany was forbidden from reuniting with Austria.

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18
Q

What was the total amount that Germany had to pay in reparations and how long did it take for them to pay it all back?

A

£6.6 billion
60 years.

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19
Q

How was the army affected?

A

only 100,000 soldiers with no tanks in the army. army only used for defensive purposes
no air force
only 15,000 men, 6 battleships, no submarines and limited naval ships in the navy

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20
Q

How did the War Guilt Clause affect the German public?

A

The Germans believed that they hadn’t caused the war and felt humiliated in front of the whole world.

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21
Q

which article was the war guilt clause part of?

A

Article 231

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22
Q

What was the Treaty of St Germain

A

Austria lost land to Romania and Italy.
Land was taken away from Austria, to form new countries such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
Austria was asked to pay reparations but this wasn’t enforced.
The size of their army was reduced to 35,000 men.
Austria wasn’t allowed a navy.

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23
Q

What was the Treaty of Neuilly

A

In the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria lost land to Greece, although Bulgaria gained land from Turkey.
Bulgaria’s army was limited and they weren’t allowed an air force

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24
Q

Which countries did Bulgaria lose land to under the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

Greece and Yugoslavia

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25
Q

What was the Treaty of Trianon

A

In the Treaty of Trianon (1920), Hungary lost land, which was given to new countries like Czechoslovakia.
Again, Hungary’s army was limited to 35,000 men and they were asked to pay reparations (although they were never collected).

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26
Q

What changes did turkey have to go through with

A

Turkey lost land to Greece- as well as most of its European territories.
Army of 50,000.
navy - sailboats and 6 torpedo boats.
Turkey also had to give access to their sea so that Europe could pass through and trade.
The Ottoman Empire was split up.

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27
Q

What was the Treaty of Lausanne

A

The Treaty of Lausanne stated that Turkey didn’t have to pay back reparations.
The Treaty of Lausanne allowed Turkey to take back some of its land from Greece.
Turkey also gained back control over its armed forces.

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28
Q

definition: diktat

A

‘Stabbed in the back’
Germans thought that the terms of the peace agreed at Versailles were dictated to them and they had no say in what they were

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29
Q

What were the Weimar government known as after they signed the Treaty of Versailles

A

The November Criminals

30
Q

definition: isolationism

A

When America wanted to stay away from these affairs in the future- these affairs being issues in Europe)
This is why America did not join the LoN

31
Q

What were some of the ideas in Wilson’s 14 point plan
.4 ideas.

A
  1. Freedom of the Seas between countries.
  2. Removal of economic barriers so that all countries could freely trade.
  3. All new countries to be able to independently govern themselves.
  4. All borders would be internationally guaranteed by countries.
32
Q

Why was the League of Nations set up

A

The League of Nations was an organisation across the world that was set up to promote peace, disarmament and to solve world problems without war.
It was hoped that there would never be another war like the First World War, and that WW1 would have been a ‘war to end all wars’.

33
Q

What did the League do to improve lives

A

Improving working conditions for all, Improving humanitarian conditions (by stopping things like slavery and helping to cure deadly diseases).

34
Q

How did the League prevent wars without any violence

A

The League of Nations tried to sort out issues using meetings and negotiation.
When this failed, the League placed economic sanctions (trading bans) on the nations that had caused the problem and publicly shamed them - this is called moral condemnation.

35
Q

Where was their headquarters

A

Geneva, Switzerland

36
Q

What was the Fontainbleau Memorandum.

A

issued by David Lloyd George
Fontainbleau Memorandum- stated publicly that he and the UK gave the League of Nations his full support.

37
Q

How often did the assembly meet

A

once a year

38
Q

what was voting like

A

when laws were passed, votes had to be unanimous

39
Q

What were the issues with the voting system

A

If only 1 country disagreed, action could not be taken. Then the Assembly would have to wait 1 year to meet again

40
Q

Why was a council created

A

Because the Assembly only met once a year, it was decided that a smaller group of representatives should be established to try and get decisions made quicker.

41
Q

who was in the council

A

Great Britain.
France.
Italy.
Japan.

42
Q

what was an advantage of the council

A

The Council allowed for quick decisions to be made.

43
Q

what was the disadvantage of the council

A

However, the decisions that were made were made largely by the personal motives of the members and this was affected by the issues that each representative was facing in their own country.

44
Q

Why did the council have more power than the assembly

A

The Council gained more power than the Assembly because they had the power to pass any laws/decisions and veto any law/decision, even if the Assembly had made an unanimous decision on it.

45
Q

Successes of LoN in Greece and Russia

A

Commission for refugees: Helped to return refugees home (once conflict had ended) and improve the camps in which they stayed.

46
Q

How was the LoN successful in terms of health

A

This was successful because it helped to cure disease internationally.
E.g. malaria.
The Committee also educated people across the world in how to prevent disease spreading and how to be hygienic.

47
Q

How was the LoN successful in humanitarian aid

A

This was particularly successful in stopping slavery in countries in Africa.
In Sierra Leone, 200,000 people were set free.

48
Q

How was the LoN successful in working conditions

A

This Organisation helped to promote better working conditions across the world.
One major success was getting 77 countries to introduce a minimum standard of wages in their country.

49
Q

What were the terms of the Locarno Treaty

A

the Locarno Treaty (1925) which involved Britain, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Belgium.
All member countries promised to respect the borders of their neighbours and to not go to war again.
They promised to negotiate with each other as opposed to invading each other.

50
Q

How significant was the Locarno treaty

A

Really significant - showed the world that Germany was no longer being held to ransom by being forced to sign ‘diktats’ like they were in the First World War.
This treaty was one that Germany voluntarily signed. This promoted good international relations. The reputation of Germany started to improve and people began to see Germany as a peaceful nation again.

51
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

65 countries signed a treaty promising that they would not use war for their own gain and to solve arguments.
Even Germany signed this.
This promoted good international relations.

52
Q

What were the LoN’s failures in international labour organisations

A

didn’t stop child labour
didn’t limit working hours

also failed to stop the international drug trade

53
Q

Why did the League fail in Upper Silesia 1921-1925

A
  • both Polish and Germans wanted the land
  • plebiscite- 60% wanted it to be part of Germany
  • angered Polish
  • LoN split it in half, Germans got rural area, Polish got industrial- both wanted industrial area as it was rich in iron and coal, as well as the steel production
54
Q

Why did the death of Tellini present the LoN as weak

A
  • Tellini was Italian- leader, Mussolini
  • Mussolini outraged- wanted the murderer to be shot
  • when this didn’t happen, Mussolini invaded Corfu, killing 16 people
  • LoN sided with Mussolini
  • shows world leaders that if they pushed hard enough they could get what they wanted, regardless of what the League of Nations said.
55
Q

when did Mussolini invade Corfu

A

1923

56
Q

Why did the Washington Arms conference make the League look weak

A

This treaty didn’t even include the League, which undermined the League of Nation’s rights to make rulings around military or naval matters.
It also showed that the USA could be involved in international affairs but only the affairs that they wanted to. The USA was not a member of the League of Nations.

57
Q

How did the Manchurian Crisis begin

A

On 18th September 1931, Japan’s railway in Manchuria was blown up (the Japanese blew up their own railway) and they blamed the Chinese. The Japanese, insisting they had been attacked by the Chinese and took Manchuria over.

58
Q

What was the League’s reaction to the Manchurian Crisis

A

The League of Nations didn’t do much to stop this. They felt that because Japan already had industry in Manchuria, it was pretty much their land to take.

59
Q

How did Japan react to Moral Condemnation

A

The League did try their policy moral condemnation on Japan but this didn’t do anything. Japan didn’t care.

60
Q

How did the Manchurian Crisis impact the League of Nations

A

It made them look weak and sent a message to other aggressive dictators that they could get away with what they wanted.
This incident gave Mussolini and Hitler the confidence that if they acted in a similar way, they were likely to get away with it

61
Q

Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia

A

It was rich in natural resources.
Italy had neighbouring colonies in Africa.
He wanted revenge for a previous failed attempt at taking them over in 1896.

62
Q

What was the Stresa Front and how did it relate to Mussolini wanting to invade Abyssinia

A

all 3 countries would join forces against Hitler if he attacked them.

He thought if Britain & France were scared of Hitler, then they would let him do whatever he wanted in Africa, because they wanted his support against Germany.

63
Q

How did the LoN fail to fully stop Mussolini’s invasion

A

The League placed Italy under some economic sanctions, but they didn’t use the strongest sanctions that would have harmed Italy more.
The League banned its members from selling weapons to Italy, but they still allowed Italy to buy fuel (oil) and raw materials from members. F

64
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval Pact

A

In secret, the Hoare Laval Pact 1935 was signed by the British, French and Italians.
This treaty allowed Mussolini to invade Abyssinia

65
Q

when was the invasion of Abyssinia

A

1935

66
Q

What were Hitler’s aims
HINT use the mnemonic: LARVAD

A

Lebensraum
Abolish the ToV
Rearmament
Volksdeutsche (reunite all Germans)
Anschluss (reunite with Austria)
Defeat communism

67
Q

What did Chamberlain do when he flew out to meet Hitler

A

They had a conference and decided that Hitler could have the area of the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia) if he promised not to take any more land.

68
Q

definition: appeasement

A

Appeasement was a policy of allowing concessions to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy- in order to avoid conflict in Europe.

69
Q

When did the British Prime Minister Chamberlain fly to meet Hitler to discuss the Sudetenland?

A

1938

70
Q

What are some of the argument FOR appeasing hitler

A

Fears of rearmament
no other countries would disarm
lack of money to defend themselves
LoN had no army
wanted to do anything to avoid war

71
Q

What are some of the argument AGAINST appeasing Hitler

A

In Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, he openly talks about wanting a war
Leaders were to naïve in trusting Hitler
Many leaders underestimated Hitler
Other nations took advantage of the appeasement policy

History AQA (4 decks)

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