Chapter 13 - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Autotroph

A

use CO2 from the atmosphere as their sole source of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterotroph

A

cannot use atmospheric CO2 and must obtain carbon from their outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolites

A

series of intermediates through which precursors are converted to products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intermediary Metabolism

A

the combined activities of all the metabolic pathways that interconvert precursors, metabolites, and products of low molecular weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Catabolism

A

the degradative phase of metabolism (releases energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anabolism

A

the building phase of metabolism (requires energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ΔG?

A

expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ΔH?

A

enthalpy (the heat content of the reacting system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ΔS?

A

entropy (randomness or disorder in a system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If ΔG is negative, then the reaction

A

proceeds foward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If ΔG is positive, then the reaction

A

proceeds in reverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Understand how reactions are thermodynamically coupled

A

thermodynamically unfavorable reactions can be coupled to favorable reactions (often involves coupling to ATP hydrolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homolytic Cleavage

A

cleavage of a covalent bond where each atom leaves the bond as a radical, carrying one unpaired electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heterolytic Cleavage

A

cleavage of a covalent bond where one atom retains both bonding electrons (more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleophiles

A

functional groups rich in and capable of donating electrons

17
Q

Electrophiles

A

electron-deficient functional groups that seek electrons (carbon can act as either a nucleophile or electrophile)

18
Q

Carbanion

A

negatively charged carbon atom

19
Q

Carbocation

A

positively charged carbon atom

20
Q

Rearrangements, isomerization, and eliminations

A

redistribution of electrons results in alteration without changes in the overall oxidation state of the molecule

21
Q

Rearrangements can be

A

substitution, addition, or elimination reactions

22
Q

Free Radicals

A

homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds to generate free radicals

23
Q

Group Transfers

A

the transfer of acyl, glycosyl, and phosphoryl groups from one nucleophile to another (acyl group transfer involves the addition of a nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon of an acyl group to form tetrahedral intermediate)

24
Q

Oxidation

A

loses electrons

25
Q

Reduction

A

gains electrons

26
Q

Standard Reduction Potential (ΔE)

A

a measure (in volts) of the relative affinity of the electron acceptor of each redox pair for electrons

27
Q

Positive Standard Reduction Potential (ΔE)

A

takes electrons

28
Q

Negative Standard Reduction Potential (ΔE)

A

donates electrons

29
Q

Understand the relationship between the standard reduction potential ΔE and ΔG

A

when ΔE is greater than 0, then ΔG is less than 0 (inverse relationship), and the reaction is thermodynamically favored; vice versa