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Midterms (1st Sem.) > Expe. Psych. > Flashcards

Expe. Psych. Flashcards

1
Q

Science of behavior.

A

Psychology

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2
Q

“Scientia” - knowledge

A

Science

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3
Q

Research about Psychological Processes; relying on scientific method.

A

Psychological Science

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4
Q

Kind of everyday; shapes expectations and beliefs.

A

Commonsense Psychology

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5
Q

They gather data in systematic and impartial way.

A

Commonsense Psychologists

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6
Q

Based on readily available info.

A

Nonscientific Inference

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7
Q

Too simple to be accurate.

A

Inferential Strategies

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8
Q

We tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs; seek confirmatory instances of behavior.

A

Confirmation Bias

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9
Q

Predictions, guesses, and expectations tend to feel more correct than they actually are.

A

Overconfidence Bias

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10
Q

Coined the Scientific Mentality

A

Alfred North Whitehead

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11
Q

Data that are observable and experienced; can be verified/disapproved through investigation.

A

Gathering Empirical Data

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12
Q

Principles have the generativity to apply in all situations.

A

Law

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13
Q

Interim explanation

A

Theory

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14
Q

Systematic, Objective, Rational

A

Good Thinking

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15
Q

Also known as “Occam’s Razor”; simplicity of explanation.

A

Parsimony

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16
Q

Challenging findings; contents changes when there is new scientific info.; reevaluating

A

Self Corrections

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17
Q

The principle that we can never prove a statement because contradictory might be found later.

A

Principle of Modus Tollens

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18
Q

Communicating results of scientific investigation.

A

Publicizing Results

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19
Q

Repeating research to verify outcome.

A

Replication

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20
Q

Systematic and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors.

A

Description

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21
Q

Knowing in advance when certain behavior would be accepted to occur.

A

Prediction

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22
Q

Knowledge of conditions that reliably reproduce occurrence of behavior (true experiments).

A

Explanation

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23
Q

Application of what has been learned about behavior.

A

Control

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24
Q

To solve real-world problems.

A

Applied Research

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25
Q

To test theories or to explain psychological phenomena.

A

Basic Research

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26
Q

Systematic noting and recording of events.

A

Observation

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27
Q

Quantifying or assigning numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to general rules.

A

Measurement

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28
Q

Representing features of observation through numbers.

A

Quantitative Research

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29
Q

Describing observations through words.

A

Qualitative Research

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30
Q

Process undertaken to test hypothesis; establish cause-and-effect relationship.

A

Experimentation

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31
Q

Controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.

A

Psychology Experiment

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32
Q

Also called “antecendents”; circumstances that occur or exist even before the event or behavior to be explained.

A

Independent Variable

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33
Q

Specific sets of antecedent conditions.

A

Treatments

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34
Q

Specific behavior that a researcher tries to explain in an experiment; measurable.

A

Dependent Variable

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35
Q

What principle does a successful experiment rely on?

A

Control

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36
Q

The type of cause-and-effect relationship established through experiment?

A

Temporal Relationship

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37
Q

A condition classified to have an effect.

A

Sufficient Conditions

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38
Q

A condition that produces greatest effect on the behavior.

A

Necessary Condition

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39
Q

Utilizes scientific methods to research mind and behavior.

A

Experimental Psychology

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40
Q

“False”; has no true scientific basis; not confirmed using scientific method

A

Pseudoscience

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41
Q

Assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull.

A

Phrenology

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42
Q

Using facial features to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and skills.

A

Physiognomy

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43
Q

Fluids in the body flow by magnetic principles and that illness can be cured by realigning fluids through magnets, electrodes, or hands.

A

Mesmerism

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44
Q

Contact with ghosts and spirits of the dead.

A

Spiritualism

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45
Q

1st expe. psychologist; founded the first psychology lab. in Leipzig, Germany (1879); birth of psychology science

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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46
Q

Founded the American Psychological Association (1893)

A

G. Stanley Hall

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47
Q

Developed research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks (1800s).

A

Charles Sanders Pierce

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48
Q

Pioneered the experimental study of memory.

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

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49
Q

Published the book “Elements of Physiological Psychology” (1887).

A

George Trumbull Ladd

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50
Q

Established world’s third experimental psychology lab. at University of Pennsylvania (1887).

A

James McKeen Cattell

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51
Q

Published “ The Principles of Psychology” (1890).

A

William James

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52
Q

Established the experimental psychology lab. at Wellesley College (1891).

A

Mary Whiton Callkins

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53
Q

Conducted the Little Albert Experiment (1920).

A

John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner

54
Q

Published the book “A History of Experimental Psychology” (1929).

A

Edwin Boring

55
Q

Published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests (1995)

A

Lee Cronbach

56
Q

Conducted the Bobo doll experiment (1961)

A

Albert Bandura

57
Q

Practices that influence the decision-making process in terms of doing the right thing.

A

Ethics

58
Q

To ensure the safety of participants, experimental researches are subject to evaluation of an _____?

A

Institutional Review Board

59
Q

Determining whether any risk to individual are outweighed by potential benefits or the importance of knowledge gained.

A

Risk/benefit analysis

60
Q

Stated that poorly designed research can be unethical.

A

Rosenthal

61
Q

Agreement to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study.

A

Informed Consent

62
Q

Agreement to participate of minor children subjects ages 7 and above and can be for cognitively impaired subjects regardless of age.

A

Informed Assent

63
Q

Risk that is not severe; inconvenience.

A

Minimal risk

64
Q

Created during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials; the code of ethical standards for scientific research.

A

Nuremberg Code of 1947

65
Q

Statement of government policy on research involving human subjects.

A

Belmont Report

66
Q

Belmont Report’s three principles

A
  • Respect for persons
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
67
Q

Intentional misleading of subjects or withholding the full info. about the nature of experiment to obtain accurate and unbiased results.

A

Deception

68
Q

Law that protects the animals.

A

RA 8485 (Animal Welfare Act of 1998)

69
Q

Evaluates animal research before it can be conducted.

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

70
Q

Publishing false data.

A

Fraud

71
Q

Representation of someone’s else ideas, words, or written works as your own.

A

Plagiarism

72
Q

Published by APA; set of ethical standards applied to both psychologists and students.

A

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

73
Q

5 General Principles of APA Code of Ethics

A

Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle C: Integrity
Principle D: Justice
Principle E: Respect for People’s Right and Dignity

74
Q

Published by PAP; presents the principles and standards that govern the norms of conduct to all registered psychologists and psychometricians in the PH.

A

Code of Ethics and Professional Standard for Psychology Practitioners

75
Q

4 General Principles of PAP Code of Ethics

A

Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples
Principle II: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples
Principle III: Integrity
Principle IV: Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

76
Q

Statement about a predicted relationship between at least two variables.

A

Hypothesis

77
Q

Statement of your predictions; not about cause and effect.

A

Nonexperimental hypothesis

78
Q

Main idea of experiment; states cause-and-effect relationship.

A

Experimental Hypothesis

79
Q

States that a treatment has no effect.

A

Null Hypothesis

80
Q

States that treatment has a significant effect.

A

Alternative Hypothesis

81
Q

Process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles.

A

Inductive Model

82
Q

Process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances.

A

Deductive Model

83
Q

Tendency of finding things that are not being sought.

A

Serendipity

84
Q

Reasoning without knowing; it can be used to guide us what we choose to study.

A

Intuition

85
Q

Naturally formulating hypotheses about the kinds of antecedents that affects people behavior.

A

Causal attributions

86
Q

Statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many studies to summarize research findings.

A

Meta-analysis

87
Q

Refers to: What is the existing problem that you wish to address? Is there a specific population involved? (PICOT Framework)

A

Population/Problem

88
Q

Treatment for subjects (PICOT Framework)

A

Intervention

89
Q

C in PICOT Framework

A

Comparison/Control

90
Q

Refers to consequences (PICOT Framework)

A

Objective/Outcome

91
Q

T in PICOT Framework; least priority

A

Time

92
Q

Ensures adequacy of research design; can be conducted (FINER Framework).

A

Feasible

93
Q

Engages the interest of principal investigators; attracts the attention of readers (FINER Framework).

A

Interesting

94
Q

Provides diff. findings; refers to new hypotheses and study; resolves research gap (FINER Framework).

A

Novel

95
Q

Complies and safeguards the principles of ethical research (FINER Framework).

A

Ethical

96
Q

Generates new knowledge; contributes to the field of psychology (FINER Framework).

A

Relevant

97
Q

Dimensions that researcher intentionally manipulates.

A

Independent Variable

98
Q

What problem will occur if there is no random assignment?

A

Confounding

99
Q

Particular behavior that we expect to change because of our experimental treatment.

A

Dependent Variable

100
Q

Defines a variable in terms of observable operations, procedures, and measurements in the context of an experiment.

A

Operational Definition

101
Q

Getting similar consequences in every condition we create.

A

Reliability

102
Q

Agreement between measurements of the same responses from different observers; presence of raters.

A

Interrater Reliability

103
Q

Comparison of scores of people who have been measured twice with the same instrument given in a reasonable interval.

A

Test-Retest Reliability

104
Q

Different parts of questionnaire, test, or other instruments attain consistent results.

A

Interitem Reliability

105
Q

Principle of actually studying the variables that we intend to study.

A

Validity

106
Q

Providing evidence of validity of an experimental procedure.

A

Manipulation Check

107
Q

It looks like it appears to measure what it tends to measure. Known to be the least stringent type of validity.

A

Face Validity

108
Q

Content of our measure fairly reflect the content of the quality we are measuring.

A

Content Validity

109
Q

Ability of instrument to predict future behavior or performance based on the score obtained from it.

A

Predictive Validity

110
Q

Scores on a measuring device correlate with scores obtained from another method of measuring the same concept.

A

Concurrent Validity

111
Q

Test results should highly correlate with scores on tests measuring the same or similar construct.

A

Convergent Validity

112
Q

Test results should not highly correlate with scores on tests measuring other constructs.

A

Discriminant Validity

113
Q

Factors that are not the focus of experiment but can influence the findings.

A

Extraneous Variables

114
Q

A situation wherein an extraneous variable changes systematically across different conditions of an experiment.

A

Confounding

115
Q

Proposed the 8 kinds of extraneous variables that can threaten the internal validity of an experiment.

A

Donald Campbell

116
Q

A threat that involves outside events that happened before experimentation.

A

History

117
Q

A threat referring to internal (physical or psychological) changes in subjects.

A

Maturation

118
Q

A threat referring to effects on DV produced by a previous administration of the same test or another measuring instrument.

A

Testing

119
Q

A threat wherein some features of the measuring experiment itself changes during experiment.

A

Instrumentation

120
Q

A threat also known as regression toward the mean; scores both low and high extremes typically got closer to the mean even without treatment at all.

A

Statistical Regression

121
Q

A threat that occurs when there is no random assignment.

A

Selection

122
Q

A threat wherein subjects are dropping out from the experiment.

A

Subject Mortality

123
Q

A threat wherein a selection threat combines with another threat.

A

Selection Interaction

124
Q

PICOT Framework stands for?

A
  • Population/Problem
  • Intervention
  • Comparison/Control
  • Objective/Outcome
  • Time
125
Q

FINER Framework stands for?

A
  • Feasible
  • Interesting
  • Novel
  • Ethical
  • Relevant
126
Q

The condition in an experiment wherein the subjects receive the treatment.

A

Experimental Condition

127
Q

The condition in an experiment wherein the subjects do not receive the treatment; placebo effect.

A

Control Condition

128
Q

Enumerate the 8 classic threats to internal validity by Donald Campbell:

A
  • History
  • Maturation
  • Testing
  • Instrumentation
  • Statistical Regression
  • Selection
  • Subject Mortality
  • Selection Interaction
129
Q

It contains on or more classic threats and potentially confounded. Hence, it is not considered a true experiment

A

Quasi-Experimental Study

130
Q

4 objectives of Psychological Science

A
  • Description
  • Prediction
  • Explanation
  • Control
131
Q

It means that behavior must follow a natural order; therefore it can be predicted.

A

The Scientific Mentality

Midterms (1st Sem.) (7 decks)

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