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A&P > 19 > Flashcards

19 Flashcards

1
Q

Rods will tell you

A

the absence of light- contrast

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2
Q

Cones will tell you

A

color and a very sharp image, but you need an abundance of light in order to activate cones.

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3
Q

Light transduction:

A

rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > SCN

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4
Q

Amacrine cell

A

can help bring a cell to an action potential for the next step- alter the sensitivity to the eye- help that msg be transferred or inhibits it.

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5
Q

Fovea centralis

A

where we are going to get our clearest, sharpest vision

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6
Q

optic disc

A

where the signal is received, where the blood vessels to the eye are.

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7
Q

Anterior cavity

A

aqueous humor, like CSF where this a production point and an exit point.

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8
Q

Aqueous humor is needed for

A

nutrient and waste transport, fluid cushion, provides pressure to retain shape

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9
Q

Ciliary body is in the

A

vascular layer

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10
Q

Entrance and Exit point for the aqueous humor:

A

Enter: Ciliary Body
Exit: scleral venous sinus

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11
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Gelatinous- makes sure the structure of the eyeball is maintained- it is not circulated through.

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12
Q

Posterior cavity has

A

Vitreous Humor

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13
Q

Lens is attached to the ciliary body via

A

ciliary zonule (ligaments)

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14
Q

Lens:

A

be able to change to shape of it in response to light and focus light on the retina.
how’s two regions: lens epithelium anteriorly and lens fibers which forms the bulk of lens

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15
Q

Lens fibers are filled with

A

transparent protein crystallin (needs to be transparent in order for light to go through)

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16
Q

Lens in general become ____ with age.

A

dense, convex, less elastic (ability to maintain eyeball structure fails; can’t round it out anymore).

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17
Q

Cataracts

A

clouding of lens (proteins clump over time), can be taken out and restored

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18
Q

When light bends, it is called

A

refraction (passes through cornea and lens)

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19
Q

Focal point

A

specific point of intersection of light rays on retina (where we want to converge to get to the retina)

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20
Q

Focal distance

A

distance between center of lens and focal point

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21
Q

Astigmatism:

A

condition where light passing through cornea and lens I son t refracted properly; visual image is distorted.

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22
Q

Accommodation:

A

autonomic adjustment of eye to provide clear vision
lens become rounder to focus on nearby objects
flatter lens allows focus on distant objects

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23
Q

Near vision:

A

light rays aren’t parallel, lens need to change in order to focus those rays on our retina

Ciliary muscle (arranged in a circle) contracts. letting ligaments go loose, not so much tension, lets it round out.

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24
Q

Distant vision:

A

Lens flatten, light rays are parallel, ciliary muscle relaxes which causes ligaments to stretch and cause tension

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25
Q

Light at the point at the top is focused on ___

A

lower retinal surface, upside down, and reversed.

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26
Q

Near sighted means

A

you can see things close to you, but not far.
Eyeball is too long/deep- when you focus light rays it’s right in front of retina not on it.
Corrected with concave lens

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27
Q

Far-sighted means

A

you can see things far, but not close.
Eyeball is too short, the light rays will meet behind the retina because there’s no convergence on the retina.
Corrected with convex lens

28
Q

Optic radiation

A

bundle of projection fibers linking thalamus with visual cortex

29
Q

having two eyes allows for field of vision and depth perception

A
30
Q

Depth perception

A

obtained by comparing relative positions of objects between images received from both eyes.

31
Q

Field of vision

A

combined visual images from left and right eyes

32
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

daily pattern of activity, established from visual information, affects metabolic rate, blood pressure.

33
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

uses mechanical vibrations to transfer sound.

34
Q

Order of ossicles

A

Malleus > incus > stapes (pushes on oval window)

35
Q

Muscles are contractive so that

A

they don’t bounce on each other really hard.

36
Q

Vestibule

A

lets us know about linear movements.

37
Q

Semicircular canals

A

lets us know about rotational movement.

38
Q

Cochlea

A

lets us know about sound

39
Q

Spiral organ

A

contains hair cells that get bent; receptor for hearing.

40
Q

Stimulation of hair cells at a specific location along the basilar membrane activates sensory neurons (What step)

A

1st step in the auditory pathway.

41
Q

Sensory neurons carry the auditory information in the cochlear nerve to the cholera nucleus on that side (what step)

A

2nd step in the auditory pathway

42
Q

Information ascends from each cochlear nucleus to the superior olivary nuclei of the pons and the inferior colliculi of the midbrain (what step)

A

3rd step of the auditory pathway

43
Q

The inferior colliculi direct a variety of unconscious motor responses to sounds (what step)

A

4th step of the auditory pathway

44
Q

Ascending auditory information goes to the medial geniculate body (goes through the thalamus) (what step)

A

5th step of the auditory pathway

45
Q

Projection fibers then deliver the information to specific locations within the auditory cortex fo the temporal lobe (what step)

A

6th step of the auditory pathway.

46
Q

Olfactory pathway to the cerebrum:

A

Olfactory epithelium > nerve fiber (I) > bulb > tract > CNS

47
Q

Olfactory epithelium is where you have the receptors for the

A

odorants

48
Q

Lamina propria

A

connective tissue that is made up of blood vessels and signal transduction.

49
Q

What three structures do not go through the thalamus, but receive the stimulus from odorants?

A

olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system (only one of the special senses that doesn’t use the thalamus).

50
Q

Our olfactory sensory neuron is a bipolar neuron that is also a

A

odorant receptor

51
Q

How does an olfactory sensory neuron receive the odorants?

A

Olfactory dendrites at the surface that contain receptor proteins.

52
Q

Basal epithelium cells will

A

divide to replace worn-out olfactory sensory neurons.

53
Q

Using a neuron as a receptor for the odorant to bind to to induce mechanisms that help depolarize the receptor cell.

A

Olfaction

54
Q

Olfactory receptors are replaced ____

A

frequently

55
Q

We can distinguish thousands of chemical stimuli

A

olfactory discrimination

56
Q

What happens to the number of olfactory neurons as we age?

A

they decline with age

57
Q

Filiform papillae have no

A

taste buds

58
Q

Fungiform, vallate, and foliate DO have ____ unlike filiform papillae

A

taste buds

59
Q

wherever the taste buds are are where the ____ are

A

gustatory receptors are.

60
Q

gustatory epithelial cells

A

receive the dissolved material from saliva and start transduction.

61
Q

Transduction from the gustatory epithelium cells travels to the ____ and the tastants bind to them.

A

taste hairs

62
Q

Taste buds can become damaged, so taste buds have ____

A

basal epithelium cells.

63
Q

Unlike olfactory, there are two ways to depolarize the gustatory cell. What two mechanisms allow for this?

A

Salt/Sour channels + sweet, bitter, and umami receptors

64
Q

Salt/Sour channels have ____ to have Na and H to travel in to depolarize the cell.

A

leak channels

65
Q

Sweet, bitter, and umami receptors utilize

A

more like olfaction (having a having a structure like an odorant, in this case gustucin, bind to the protein to depolarize the cell.

66
Q

Gustation pathway:

A

Cranial nerve VII, IX, X > medulla oblongata > thalamus > gustatory cortex

67
Q

Taste sensitivity ____ with age

A

Decreases with age, that is to say you have high sensitivity as a kid and low as an adult.

A&P (14 decks)

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