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hallmarks of cancer > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what do centrosomes consist of

A

pairs of centrioles, made of triplets of microtubules

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2
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

radiate out from centrosome and attach to chromosome

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3
Q

what happens as microtubules grow and shrink?

A

chromosomes are pulled to the poles

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4
Q

what are many microtubules called?

A

k fibres (kinetochore fibres)

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5
Q

alpha-tubulin

A

dimer that makes up microtubules

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6
Q

beta-tubulin

A

dimer that makes up microtubules

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7
Q

kinetochore

A

made of many proteins, forms on the mitotic chromosomes adjacent to the centromeres allowing microtubules to bind

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8
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense and envelope breaks down, centrosomes start to migrate and make microtubules

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9
Q

prometaphase

A

chromosomes fully condensed but not aligned, NE fully digested, microtubule capture, centrioles position

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10
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes aligned at plate, amphitelic microtubule attachment, CHECKPOINT

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11
Q

what does amphitelic microtubule attachment mean?

A

microtubules have captured chromosomes equally on either side

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12
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids detach and move towards poles

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13
Q

telophase/cytokinesis

A

NE reforms, chromosomes decondense, cleavage furrow

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14
Q

what is cleavage furrow?

A

the pinching in the centre of the cell when it splits

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15
Q

lagging chromosome

A

when one chromosome goes to wrong cell because of incorrect microtubule attachment

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16
Q

what is the correct type of microtubule attachment?

A

amphitelic attachment

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17
Q

syntelic attachment

A

microtubules from one side attaches to both

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18
Q

monotelic attachment

A

microtubules only attach on one of the sides

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19
Q

merotelic attachment

A

bipolar attachment with another from one side

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20
Q

what do the wrong attachments of microtubules result in

A

unequal forces and therefore a lagging chromosome

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21
Q

what happens when attachment of microtubules goes wrong

A

polyploidy

22
Q

polyploidy

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

23
Q

describe G1

A

highly metabolically active, cell growth, duplication of organelles (8-10 hrs)

24
Q

describe S phase

A

DNA replication, centrosome duplication (6-8hrs)

25
Q

Describe G2

A

more cell growth, accumulation of key enzymes needed to trigger entry into mitosis, cytoskeleton preps for remodelling required in cell division

26
Q

how does a CDK work

A

it bind to a cyclin and then it can phosphorylate

27
Q

what do CDKs and cylins do to the cell cycle?

A

pushes it forward

28
Q

how does a CDK-cyclin complex activate a target protein?

A

phosphorylates it

29
Q

what happens after CDK-cyclin complex activates the target protein?

A

it disperses and can no longer activate proteins

30
Q

what is a PTM

A

post-translational modification

31
Q

what phase is cyclin D in

A

G1

32
Q

what phase is cyclin E in

A

G1/S

33
Q

what phase is cyclin A in

A

S/G2

34
Q

what phase is cyclin B in

A

M

35
Q

what phase are CDK 6 and 4 in

A

G1

36
Q

what phase is CDK 2 in

A

S

37
Q

what phase is CDK 1 in

A

G2/M

38
Q

what happens at G1/S checkpoint

A

DNA damage checkpoint, if there is DNA damage the cell cycle stops

39
Q

what happens at G2/M checkpoint

A

DNA damage checkpoint

40
Q

what happens at M checkpoint

A

spindle assembly checkpoint

41
Q

what do DNA damage checkpoints do

A

sense for ‘favourable conditions’ cell size, growth factors and DNA damage

42
Q

what happens if DNA damage is detected

A

increase in P53 and P21

43
Q

what does P21 do

A

inhibits CDKs which leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis

44
Q

what happens at a spindle assembly checkpoint

A

BubR1 sits on kinetochore until microtubules are stably attached, it leaves and then activates the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), APC releases separase which cuts the sister chromatids ONLY if there is proper microtubule attachment

45
Q

example of mutations to key regulators - BubR1 gene

A

aberrant checkpoint signalling promotes cells with abnormal number of chromosomes leading to cancer

46
Q

example of mutations to key regulators - retinoblastoma (Rb)

A

CDK phosphorylates Rb, E2F transcription factor released by Rb, if mutated then too much E2F released, too many cyclins are produced so cell cycle is no longer controlled

47
Q

what shape are cells in interphase and what shape are mitotic cells

A

interphase - flat, mitotic - round

48
Q

what do centrosomes do

A

radiate microtubules

49
Q

what are multipolar spindles

A

microtubules attach in many different directions due to the cell having 3 centrosomes so 3 cells form

50
Q

what happens in G0

A

many cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle

51
Q

Cell cycle control - example of targets (Rb and E2F)

A

after mitosis growth factors are expressed as well as cyclin D and CDK 4&6, Rb binds to E2F (TF) and holds it if inactive. CDK cyclin complexes phospho’s Rb, E2F goes to nucleus for transcription - Cyclin E is produced

hallmarks of cancer (17 decks)

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