Week 4 - Learning Flashcards
What are accommodations?
Changing one’s beliefs about the world and how it works in light of new experience.
What is the appraisal structure?
The set of appraisals that bring about an emotion.
What are the appraisal theories?
Evaluations that relate what is happening in the environment to people’s values, goals, and beliefs.
What are the appraisal theories of emotion?
Declare that emotions are caused by patterns of appraisals, such as whether an event furthers or hinders a goal and whether an event can be coped with.
What is awe?
An emotion associated with profound, moving experiences, which come from people encountering an event that is far from normal experiences but that can be accommodated in existing knowledge.
What are chills?
A feeling of goosebumps, that is often experienced during moments of awe.
What is confusion?
An emotion associated with conflicting and contrary information (appraise events that are unfamiliar and hard to understand), which motivate people to work through the perplexing information and thus foster deeper learning.
What is coping potential?
People’s beliefs about their ability to handle challenges.
What are facial expressions?
Expressive components of emotion, which communicate inner feelings to others.
What are functionalist theories of emotion?
Theories of emotion that emphasize the adaptive role of an emotion in handling common problems throughout evolutionary history.
What is impasse-driven learning?
An approach to instruction that motivates active learning by having learners work through perplexing barriers.
What is interest?
An emotion associated with curiosity and intrigue, which motivate engaging with new things and learning more about them. One of the earliest emotions to develop.
What is intrinsically motivated learning?
Learning that is “for its own sake”, such as learning motivated by curiosity and wonder, instead of learning to gain rewards or social approval.
What are knowledge emotions?
A family of emotions associated with learning, reflecting, and exploring. These emotions come about when unexpected and unfamiliar events happen in the environment. Which motivate people to explore unfamiliar things, building knowledge and expertise in the long run.
What is openness to experience?
One of the five major factors of personality, this trait is associated with higher curiosity, creativity, emotional breadth, and open-mindedness (people are more likely to experience interest and awe).
What is surprise?
An emotion rooted in expectancy violation that orients people toward the unexpected event.
What is trait curiosity?
Stable individual-differences in how easily and how often people become curious.
What is blocking?
In classical conditioning, the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previous conditioned stimulus during conditioning trials. Suggests that information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
The procedure in which an initially neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus), is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The result is that the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response.
Why is classical conditioning considered important?
It is considered important as both a behavioral phenomenon and as a method to study simple associative learning.
What is a conditioned compensatory response?
In classical conditioning, a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response, often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli.
What is the conditioned response?
The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place.
What is the condition stimulus?
An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is context?
Stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs, but can also be provided by internal stimuli, such as the sensory effects of drugs, and by a specific period in time (the passage of time is sometimes said to change the “temporal context”).
What is discriminative stimulus?
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforces.
