Mechanism conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols and the reduction ketones to secondary alcohols

A
  • NaBH4 sodium borohydride
  • Dissolved in water with methanol
  • Also nucleophilic addition reactions
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2
Q

Nucleophilic addition

A
  • Potassium cyanide with carbonyls to produce hydroxynitriles
  • If you start with an unsymmetrical ketone or any aldehyde except for methanol, you will produce a mixture of enantiomers
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3
Q

Esterification

A
  • Carboxylic acids and alcohols under reflux, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid
  • Produces water
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4
Q

Acid hydrolysis

A
  • carboxylic acid and alcohol
  • under reflux
  • reversible reaction
  • in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid
  • to produce ethanoic acid and ethanol
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5
Q

Base hydrolysis

A
  • Carboxylate and alcohol
  • under reflux
  • To produce ethanoate and ethanol
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6
Q

Production of methyl esters of fatty acids

A
  • Triester and METHANOL
  • Potassium hydroxide as a catalyst
  • Produces glycerol and a methyl ester
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7
Q

Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction

A
  • Acyl chlorides to carboxylic acids (water)
  • Acyl chlorides to amides
  • Acyl chlorides to esters
  • Carboxylic acids to acid anhydrides
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8
Q

Electrophilic substitution reaction

A
  • Friedel-Crafts acylation: Acyl chloride, halogen carrier, benzene
  • Nitration: Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
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9
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

A
  • Concentrated HCl
  • Tin
  • Hydroxide (acts as base)
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