Mechanism conditions Flashcards
1
Q
Reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols and the reduction ketones to secondary alcohols
A
- NaBH4 sodium borohydride
- Dissolved in water with methanol
- Also nucleophilic addition reactions
2
Q
Nucleophilic addition
A
- Potassium cyanide with carbonyls to produce hydroxynitriles
- If you start with an unsymmetrical ketone or any aldehyde except for methanol, you will produce a mixture of enantiomers
3
Q
Esterification
A
- Carboxylic acids and alcohols under reflux, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid
- Produces water
4
Q
Acid hydrolysis
A
- carboxylic acid and alcohol
- under reflux
- reversible reaction
- in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid
- to produce ethanoic acid and ethanol
5
Q
Base hydrolysis
A
- Carboxylate and alcohol
- under reflux
- To produce ethanoate and ethanol
6
Q
Production of methyl esters of fatty acids
A
- Triester and METHANOL
- Potassium hydroxide as a catalyst
- Produces glycerol and a methyl ester
7
Q
Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
A
- Acyl chlorides to carboxylic acids (water)
- Acyl chlorides to amides
- Acyl chlorides to esters
- Carboxylic acids to acid anhydrides
8
Q
Electrophilic substitution reaction
A
- Friedel-Crafts acylation: Acyl chloride, halogen carrier, benzene
- Nitration: Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
9
Q
Nitrobenzene to phenylamine
A
- Concentrated HCl
- Tin
- Hydroxide (acts as base)
