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Earth Science > Weathering, Soil Erosion & Mass Wasting: Surface Processes > Flashcards

Weathering, Soil Erosion & Mass Wasting: Surface Processes Flashcards

1
Q

When rocks are breaking into smaller pieces whether physically or chemically

A

Weathering

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2
Q

happens when rocks break up into tiny pieces without a change in their composition

A

Physical/Mechanical Weathering

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3
Q

Causes: frost wedging, water action, thermal stress, salt crystal growth, pressure release, gravity, exfoliation, plants and animals

A

Weathering

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4
Q

Examples of Physical Weathering

A

Frost weathering
Pressure-release
Abrasion
Organic Activity
Thermal expansion and contraction

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5
Q

process in which water freezes in a crack and then the expansion edges the rock apart

A

Frost weathering

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6
Q

process wherein tectonic forces lift deeply buried rocks close to the surface and then erosion removes the overlying rock, removing the pressure and causing the rock to expand and fracture

A

Pressure-release

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7
Q

process of grinding and rounding rock surfaces by friction and impact caused by waves and glaciers

A

Abrasion

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8
Q

process in which a rock is expanded by plant roots or broken by animal and human activities

A

Organic activity

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9
Q

occurs when temperature changes rapidly, causing the surface of the rock to heat or cool

A

Thermal expansion and contraction

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10
Q

happens when rocks break down into tiny pieces and change the rock’s composition or internal structure of minerals

A

Chemical weathering

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11
Q

some of its causes are oxidation, leaching, hydration, and carbonation

A

Chemical weathering

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12
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

Dissolution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

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13
Q

process in which a mineral or rock dissolves in water forming a solution like halite dissolved water

A

Dissolution

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14
Q

process in which mineral reacts with water to forma new mineral that has water as part of its crystal structure like feldspar to clay

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

process in which a mineral decomposes when it reacts with oxygen like rusting of iron

A

Oxidation

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16
Q

surface process characterized by the removal of rock particles from where they were formed

A

Soil Erosion

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17
Q

due to some agents such as water, wind, waves, rain, and ice

A

Soil erosion

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18
Q

major and universal agent of soil erosion

A

Running water

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19
Q

Causes: gravity, human activities (mining, logging, kaingin, burning grassland, infrastructure, and animals)

A

Soil Erosion

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20
Q

why does soil erosion reduce soil fertility?

A

because the topsoil which is rich in nutrients has been removed

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21
Q

bad effects of soil erosion

A

landslides, water shortages, deterioration of forests

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22
Q

Human activities that causes soil erosion

A

Kaingin farming or Burn method
Logging
Infrastructure projects
Mining
Overgrazing

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23
Q

farmers that don’t own lands for farming cut down trees and burn an area for planting their crops

A

Kaingin

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24
Q

after year of planting, the soil loses its fertility and farmers move on to other areas to have another __ without replanting the area

A

Kaingin

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25
Q

cutting down of trees for industrial purposes, some do not follow government regulations and some practice illegal logging, destroying forest covers

A

Logging

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26
Q

construction of roads, bridges, dams, etc., may cause soil erosion because of poor planning, inadequate provisions for drainage

A

Infrastructure Projects

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27
Q

digs and loosen rocks in the mountains and expose large areas to weathering and erosion

A

Mining

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28
Q

occurs in areas where there are farms for livestock where plants are consumed and eventually disappear, losing soil cover that may protect the area from landslides and flooding

A

Overgrazing

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29
Q

Methods to reduce effects of soil erosion

A

Rehabilitative method
Vegetative method
Mechanical method
Preventive Method

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30
Q

used in badly eroded areas
involves the use of vegetation and engineering structure

A

Rehabilitative method

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31
Q

Vegetative Methods

A

Cove cropping
Strip cropping
Contour tillage
Terracing

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32
Q

bare lands are planted with crops/crop rotation

A

Cover cropping

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33
Q

cultivated and uncultivated areas are plated alternately in rows

A

Strip cropping

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34
Q

soil is tilled across and not along the slopes

A

Contour tillage

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35
Q

slows down the flow of water; it prevents the formation of gullies, retains run-off water and protects human settler

A

Terracing

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36
Q

Advantages of cover cropping

A

Building soil health
Nutrient retention
Erosion control
Weed reduction

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37
Q

Mechanical methods

A

Riprapping
Farm ponds

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38
Q

usually done on a slope, covered with rocks fitted and cemented together

A

Riprapping

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39
Q

constructed on land depressions or holes to collect water and store it during the rainy season

A

Farm ponds

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40
Q

used in slightly eroded areas
involves forest fire prevention, proper land use, forest management, proper road construction and education of the people

A

Preventive Method

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41
Q

considered as the most important agents of erosion
transports, deposits weathered materials and brought by floods

A

Streams

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42
Q

prolonged rainfalls over several days, when intense rain falls over a short period of time, or when an ice or debris jam causes a river or stream to overflow onto the surrounding area

A

flood

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43
Q

Flood controls

A

dredging
dikes and levees
sandbagging during floods

44
Q

loss of lives and properties
damage to infrastructure
loss of crops
communication and transportation cutoffs

A

Damaging effects of flood

45
Q

appears to be more continuous and predictable process that causes damage to some areas

A

Shoreline erosion

46
Q

Ways to lessen the effects of shoreline erosion

A

Building structures
Beach nourishment
Abandonment and relocation

47
Q

short walls built at a right angle to the shore to trap moving sand

A

Groins

48
Q

structures built parallel to the shoreline to protect it from the force of large breaking waves

A

Breakwater

49
Q

barriers constructed to prevent waves from reaching the area behind the wall

A

Seawalls

50
Q

involves the addition of sand to replenish eroding beaches

A

Beach Nourishment

51
Q

in the PH, mangroves are planted along coastal areas to protect shorelines

A

Beach nourishment

52
Q

removing storm-damaged structures along the shorelines and reclaiming the beach or relocating the people and structures along the shorelines to safer or elevated areas

A

Abandonment and Relocation

53
Q

thick ice mass that forms over hundreds or thousands of years

move very slowly and is a dynamic erosional agent that accumulate, transport and deposit sediments

A

Glaciers

54
Q

Types of glaciers

A

Valley or Alpine glaciers
Ice sheets
Ice caps
Piedemont glaciers
Mountain glaciers
Cirque glaciers
Hanging glaciers
Tidewater glaciers

55
Q

glaciers that are found in lofty mountains that usually follow valleys originally occupied by streams

A

Valley or Alpine glaciers

56
Q

mass of glacial ice of mroe than 50,000 km2

A

Ice sheets

57
Q

contain about 99% of Earth’s fresh water

A

Ice sheets

58
Q

aka Continental glaciers

A

Ice sheets

59
Q

extend to the coast and over the ocean, they become ice shelves

A

Ice sheets

60
Q

resemble ice sheets but are much smaller and occur in many places like Iceland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean

A

Ice caps

61
Q

occupy broad lowlands at the base of steep mountains and form when one or move valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountains

A

Piedmont glaciers

62
Q

built by repeated snowfalls that accumulate year after year without completely melting

A

Mountain glaciers

63
Q

to have mountain glaciers’ buildup of snow, which eventually becomes glacial ice, two ingredients are required

A

cold summers
heavy winter snow

64
Q

named for the bowl-like hollows they occupy

A

Cirque glaciers

65
Q

found on mountainsides and tend to be wide rather than long

A

Cirque glaciers

66
Q

aka ice aprons, these glaciers cling to steep mountainsides

A

Hanging glaciers

67
Q

wider than they are long; these glaciers are common in the Alps (where they often cause avalanches due to the steep inclines they occupy)

A

Hanging glaciers

68
Q

these glaciers flow far enough to reach out into sea; they are responsible for calving numerous small icebergs

A

Tidewater glaciers

69
Q

Two ways glaciers erode lands

A

Plucking
Abrasion

70
Q

as glacier flows over a fractured bedrock and incorporates them into the ice

A

Plucking

71
Q

function like sandpaper to polish and smoothen the surface below. It is simply the grinding and scraping of rock surface

A

Abrasion

72
Q

the sediment deposited by a glacier

A

Glacial till

73
Q

material left behind by a glacier by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock

A

Moraine

74
Q

movement of rock, soil, and regolith downward due to the action of gravity

A

Mass wasting

75
Q

occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes

does not require a transporting medium like erosion

A

slope movement

76
Q

Triggers

A

Water
Super steel slopes
Earthquakes

77
Q

when pores in sediments become filled with __, the cohesion among particles is destroyed, allowing them to slide past one another with ease

A

Water

78
Q

adds considerable weight to a mass of __ and the added weight in itself may be enough to cause the material to slide or move downslope

A

Water

79
Q

trigger movements of unconsolidated granular materials

A

Super steep slopes

80
Q

produces unstable slopes and mass movements in cohesive soils, regolith and bedrock

A

Super steep slopes

81
Q

can dislodge enormous volumes of rocks and unconsolidated materials

A

Earthquakes (and its aftershocks)

82
Q

Factors in mass wasting or slope movements

A

Type of material
Type of motion
Rate of movement

83
Q

Type of material (factor of mass wasting)

A

A. Debris and mud
B. Rock

84
Q

if soil and regolith dominate

type of material ( factor of mass wasting)

A

Debris and mud

85
Q

when a mass of bedrock break, loose, and move downslope

Type of material (factor of mass wasting)

A

Rock

86
Q

Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)

A

Fall
Slide
Flow

87
Q

when movement involves the free-fall of detached individual pieces of any size

common from movement on very steep slopes

Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)

A

Fall

88
Q

occur when material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface

Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)

A

Slide

89
Q

occurs when a material moves downslope as a viscous fluid and most are saturated with water and typically move as lobes or tongues

Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)

A

Flow

90
Q

type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface

A

Slump

91
Q

sliding of rock material down a mountain

more of a translational slide because it moves in a more uniform direction along a pre-existing plane, such as an underlying layer of rock

A

Rockslide

92
Q

Fast movement

rate of movement (factor of mass wasting)

A

Slump
Rockslide
Debris flow
Earth flow

93
Q

movement of water-laden mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, and debris down a slope. It is mainly coarse-grained rock fragments

A

Debris flow

94
Q

downslope movement of soil that has been saturated with water to the extent that the debris moves as a fluid. It is mostly fine grained sediment particles

A

Earth flow

95
Q

imperceptibly slow, downslope movement of soil and earth material

often only few cm/yr, but the inevitability of it can severely impact shallowly-placed structures

A

Creep

96
Q

slow downhill flow of soil in arctic regions

occurs slowly and is measured in mm/yr or cm/yr

A

Solifluction

97
Q

Slow movement

Rate of movement (factor of mass wasting)

A

Creep
Solifluction

98
Q

Two ways glaciers flow

A

Plastic flow
Basil slip

99
Q

movement within the ice

A

Plastic flow

100
Q

occurs along the ground of the entire ice mass, the lowest portion of most glaciers are thought to move by sliding

A

Basal slip

101
Q

generally quiet and slow

A

Glacial movements

102
Q

some glaciers are characterized by periods of extremely rapid movements called __

A

Surges

103
Q

wettest place in the world

average annual rainfall of 117cm/yr

A

Tutunedo, Colombia

104
Q

Tutuendo, Colombia has an average annual rainfall of

A

117cm/yr

105
Q

has most rainy days per year

has up to 350 rainy days annually

A

Moun Wai-ale’ale on Kauai, Hawaii

106
Q

Moun Wai-ale’ale on Kauai, Hawaii has up to __ rainy days annualy

A

350 days

107
Q

longest rainless period in the world was in __,__ which is __ years of no rain

A

Chile, Africa; 14

Earth Science (6 decks)

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