Proteins Flashcards
provides ___ of daily body energy
12-20%
___ of a cell’s dry weight
50-70%
+ and - acute phase reactants
+ = increase in concentration // -= decrease in concentration (inflammation)
linear sequence of amino acids
primary structure
determines the identity of proteins
primary structure
Winding of polypeptide chain. Refers to the
specific 3D configuration of the ɑ-helix and
β-pleated sheets (bent form)
secondary structure
Actual 3D configuration of proteins or the
folding pattern of protein
tertiary structure
Responsible for many of the physical and
chemical properties of the protein
tertiary structure
Association of two or more polypeptide chain to form a functional protein molecule
quaternary structure
Albumin does not have a _____, it is a ______
quaternary, single polypeptide chain
Catalyzes chemical reactions
enzymes
Chemical messengers that control the action
of specific cells or organs
hormones
Affect the growth, metabolism, and
development of the body
hormones
Transport movement of ions, small
molecules, or macromolecules across a
biological membrane
transport proteins
Immunoglobulins are produced by _________ in the
___________ that mediate the humoral
immune response to identify and neutralize
foreign objects.
B cells (lymphocytes), bone marrow
storage form of iron
ferritin
plasma proteins that function in the
distribution of water throughout the
compartments of the body
osmotic force
contains peptide chain of amino acid
simple proteins
Symmetrical, water soluble
globular protein
Transporter enzyme and
hormone/messenger
globular protein
examples of globular protein
albumin, hemoglobin,
immunoglobulin
Long filament, asymmetrical, usually
inert
fibrous protein
Water insoluble
fibrous protein
Provides structure to the
cell
fibrous protein
examples of fibrous protein
fibrinogen, troponin,
collagen
consists of protein and a
non-protein group
conjugated proteins
examples of metalloproteins
– ferritin, ceruloplasmin,
hemoglobin, flavoproteins
examples of glycoprotein
haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin
(10-40% CHO)
examples of lipoproteins
VLDL, LDL, HDL, Chylomicrons
examples of mucoproteins
mucin
examples of nucleoprotein
chromatin
Most commonly analyzed protein
plasma proteins
Generally function as transporter
albumin group
Groupings are based on _____
depending on their migration on the electrophoresis
electrophoretic mobility
Maintains osmotic pressure and as an amino acid
reserve
albumin group
Aka Transthyretin
pre albumin
Migrates before albumin in electrophoresis
pre albumin
Indicator of nutritional status
pre albumin and albumin
Binds thyroid hormones and retinol
pre albumin
Used to confirm the specimen is CSF
pre albumin
half life of pre albumin
2 days
increased prealbumin
alcoholism, chronic renal failure, steroid
treatment
decreased prealbumin
poor nutrition
Reference value and CF of prealbumin
18-45 mg/dL (CF to mg/L: 10)
electrolytes transported by albumin
Ca, Mg, Fe
The most abundant protein in plasma
albumin
decreased in albumin
inflammation, liver disease, renal disease
of albumin is synthesized by the liver per day
9-12g
reference value and CF of albumin
3.5-5.0 g/dL (CF: 10)
albumin conjugates with (4)
bilirubin, thyroid hormones, aspirin, fatty acids
Included in assessing the synthetic function
of liver
albumin
Sensitive and prognostic marker of cystic
fibrosis
albumin
Indicator of short-term hyperglycemic
control
albumin
Compensate to the loss of albumin resulting to
normal level of total protein
globulin group
Most abundant protein (__%)
in the α1-globulin band
a1-antitrypsin, 90%
Major inhibitor of protease
activity
a1-antitrypsin
Neutralizes trypsin-like
enzymes
a1-antitrypsin
the primary neutrophilic granule that
combats infection but may also destroy pulmonary alveoli
resulting to emphysema
neutrophil elastase
increased a1-antitrypsin
inflammation,
pregnancy and contraceptive
use
decreased a1-antitrypsin
emphysema,
juvenile hepatic cirrhosis,
SERPINA1 gene mutation
reference value and CF of a1-antitrypsin
145-270 mg/dL (CF to g/L: 0.01)
Migrates between albumin and
α1 globulin band
a1-fetoprotein
a1-fetoprotein is synthesized by the ____ and then by the fetal
______ of the liver
fetal yolk sac, parenchymal cells
a1-fetoprotein is normally detected in maternal
serum during the _______
of pregnancy
7-8th month
methods of a1-fetoprotein
immunochemical
test, Radioimmunoassay,
Enzyme Linked immunoassay
increased a1-fetoprotein
Maternal serum (twin
fetus)
Peaks in fetus at 13th
week of gestation
Serum: hepatoma
(>1000 ng/mL)
Gonadal cancer
gestational marker for
neural tube defect, spina
bifida, and fetal distress
a1-fetoprotein
decreased a1-fetoprotein
Down
Syndrome, Edward’s syndrome
reference value of a1-fetoprotein
5 ng/mL
Aka Orosomucoid
a1-acid glycoprotein
Contains high levels of
carbohydrates (__%) and sialic
acid (____%)
a1-acid glycoprotein, 45%, 11-12%
Major plasma glycoprotein
a1-acid glycoprotein
Diagnostic tool for neonatal
bacterial infections
a1-acid glycoprotein
Binds progesterone and
quinidines
a1-acid glycoprotein
increased a1-acid glycoprotein
pregnancy, cancer,
pneumonia, AMI, RA and cell
proliferation
methods for a1-acid glycoprotein
Radial
immunodiffusion,
immunoturbidity,
nephelometry, immunofixation
reference value and CF of a1-acid glycoprotein
50-120 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
Member of the serine protease
inhibitor (serpin) family
a1-antichymotrypsin and inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
Binds and inactivates prostate
specific antigens
a1-antichymotrypsin
Pathognomonic of Alzheimer’s
disease
a1-antichymotrypsin
Integral component of the
amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s
disease
a1-antichymotrypsin
increased in a1-antichymotrypsin
infection,
malignancy, burn, AMI,
Alzheimer’s disease
decreased in a1-antichymotrypsin
: liver disease
reference value and CF of a1-antichymotrypsin
: 30-60 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
Plays an important role in
inflammation and
carcinogenesis.
inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
increased in inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
inflammatory
disorders
Indirect marker for
atherosclerosis
a-lipoprotein
a-lipoprotein - Increased ( ____mg/dL):
________
Decreased ( mg/dL): _______
≥65, cardioprotective // <35, risk for
chronic heart disease, acute
myocardial infarction
main function of Gc globulin
Vitamin
D-binding protein
method of Gc globulin
radial
immunodiffusion
It is the major carrier protein
for Vitamin D and its
metabolites
Gc globulin
Transports fatty acids and
endotoxins
Gc globulin
Migrates towards the α1 and α2
bands (EPS)
Gc globulin
increased in Gc globulin
pregnancy (3rd
trimester), oral contraceptives
(estrogen)
decreased in Gc globulin
liver disease
reference value and CF of Gc globulin
20-55 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
A tetramer
haptoglobin
Binds free hemoglobin by its α chain
haptoglobin
marker for intravascular hemolysis
haptoglobin
Marker to evaluate rheumatic disease
haptoglobin
increased in haptoglobin
stress,
myoglobinuria
decreased in haptoglobin
Intravascular
hemolysis,
hemoglobinuria
methods of haptoglobin
radial
immunodiffusion,
immunonephelometry
reference value and CF of haptoglobin
26-185
mg/dL (CF to g/L: 0.01)
Copper-binding glycoprotein
ceruloplasmin
Synthesized by the liver where 6-8
atoms of copper are attached
ceruloplasmin
Marker for Wilson’s Disease
ceruloplasmin
deposition of copper in cornea
Kayser Fleisher rings
increased in ceruloplasmin
inflammation,
cancer, pregnancy
decreased in ceruloplasmin
Wilson’s
disease, malnutrition,
malabsorption, nephrotic
disease, Menkes’
Syndrome
(kinky hair)
reference value & CF of ceruloplasmin
18-45
mg/dL (CF to mg/L: 10)