Proteins Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
provides ___ of daily body energy
A
12-20%
2
Q
___ of a cell’s dry weight
A
50-70%
3
Q
+ and - acute phase reactants
A
+ = increase in concentration // -= decrease in concentration (inflammation)
4
Q
linear sequence of amino acids
A
primary structure
5
Q
determines the identity of proteins
A
primary structure
6
Q
Winding of polypeptide chain. Refers to the
specific 3D configuration of the ɑ-helix and
β-pleated sheets (bent form)
A
secondary structure
7
Q
Actual 3D configuration of proteins or the
folding pattern of protein
A
tertiary structure
8
Q
Responsible for many of the physical and
chemical properties of the protein
A
tertiary structure
9
Q
Association of two or more polypeptide chain to form a functional protein molecule
A
quaternary structure
10
Q
Albumin does not have a _____, it is a ______
A
quaternary, single polypeptide chain
11
Q
Catalyzes chemical reactions
A
enzymes
12
Q
Chemical messengers that control the action
of specific cells or organs
A
hormones
13
Q
Affect the growth, metabolism, and
development of the body
A
hormones
14
Q
Transport movement of ions, small
molecules, or macromolecules across a
biological membrane
A
transport proteins
15
Q
Immunoglobulins are produced by _________ in the
___________ that mediate the humoral
immune response to identify and neutralize
foreign objects.
A
B cells (lymphocytes), bone marrow
16
Q
storage form of iron
A
ferritin
17
Q
plasma proteins that function in the
distribution of water throughout the
compartments of the body
A
osmotic force
18
Q
contains peptide chain of amino acid
A
simple proteins
19
Q
Symmetrical, water soluble
A
globular protein
20
Q
Transporter enzyme and
hormone/messenger
A
globular protein
21
Q
examples of globular protein
A
albumin, hemoglobin,
immunoglobulin
22
Q
Long filament, asymmetrical, usually
inert
A
fibrous protein
23
Q
Water insoluble
A
fibrous protein
24
Q
Provides structure to the
cell
A
fibrous protein
25
examples of fibrous protein
fibrinogen, troponin,
collagen
26
consists of protein and a
non-protein group
conjugated proteins
27
examples of metalloproteins
– ferritin, ceruloplasmin,
hemoglobin, flavoproteins
28
examples of glycoprotein
haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin
(10-40% CHO)
29
examples of lipoproteins
VLDL, LDL, HDL, Chylomicrons
30
examples of mucoproteins
mucin
31
examples of nucleoprotein
chromatin
32
Most commonly analyzed protein
plasma proteins
33
Generally function as transporter
albumin group
34
Groupings are based on _____
depending on their migration on the electrophoresis
electrophoretic mobility
35
Maintains osmotic pressure and as an amino acid
reserve
albumin group
36
Aka Transthyretin
pre albumin
37
Migrates before albumin in electrophoresis
pre albumin
38
Indicator of nutritional status
pre albumin and albumin
39
Binds thyroid hormones and retinol
pre albumin
40
Used to confirm the specimen is CSF
pre albumin
41
half life of pre albumin
2 days
42
increased prealbumin
alcoholism, chronic renal failure, steroid
treatment
43
decreased prealbumin
poor nutrition
44
Reference value and CF of prealbumin
18-45 mg/dL (CF to mg/L: 10)
45
electrolytes transported by albumin
Ca, Mg, Fe
45
The most abundant protein in plasma
albumin
46
decreased in albumin
inflammation, liver disease, renal disease
47
of albumin is synthesized by the liver per day
9-12g
48
reference value and CF of albumin
3.5-5.0 g/dL (CF: 10)
49
albumin conjugates with (4)
bilirubin, thyroid hormones, aspirin, fatty acids
50
Included in assessing the synthetic function
of liver
albumin
51
Sensitive and prognostic marker of cystic
fibrosis
albumin
52
Indicator of short-term hyperglycemic
control
albumin
53
Compensate to the loss of albumin resulting to
normal level of total protein
globulin group
54
Most abundant protein (__%)
in the α1-globulin band
a1-antitrypsin, 90%
55
Major inhibitor of protease
activity
a1-antitrypsin
56
Neutralizes trypsin-like
enzymes
a1-antitrypsin
57
the primary neutrophilic granule that
combats infection but may also destroy pulmonary alveoli
resulting to emphysema
neutrophil elastase
58
increased a1-antitrypsin
inflammation,
pregnancy and contraceptive
use
59
decreased a1-antitrypsin
emphysema,
juvenile hepatic cirrhosis,
SERPINA1 gene mutation
60
reference value and CF of a1-antitrypsin
145-270 mg/dL (CF to g/L: 0.01)
61
Migrates between albumin and
α1 globulin band
a1-fetoprotein
62
a1-fetoprotein is synthesized by the ____ and then by the fetal
______ of the liver
fetal yolk sac, parenchymal cells
63
a1-fetoprotein is normally detected in maternal
serum during the _______
of pregnancy
7-8th month
64
methods of a1-fetoprotein
immunochemical
test, Radioimmunoassay,
Enzyme Linked immunoassay
65
increased a1-fetoprotein
Maternal serum (twin
fetus)
Peaks in fetus at 13th
week of gestation
Serum: hepatoma
(>1000 ng/mL)
Gonadal cancer
66
gestational marker for
neural tube defect, spina
bifida, and fetal distress
a1-fetoprotein
67
decreased a1-fetoprotein
Down
Syndrome, Edward’s syndrome
68
reference value of a1-fetoprotein
5 ng/mL
69
Aka Orosomucoid
a1-acid glycoprotein
70
Contains high levels of
carbohydrates (__%) and sialic
acid (____%)
a1-acid glycoprotein, 45%, 11-12%
71
Major plasma glycoprotein
a1-acid glycoprotein
72
Diagnostic tool for neonatal
bacterial infections
a1-acid glycoprotein
73
Binds progesterone and
quinidines
a1-acid glycoprotein
74
increased a1-acid glycoprotein
pregnancy, cancer,
pneumonia, AMI, RA and cell
proliferation
75
methods for a1-acid glycoprotein
Radial
immunodiffusion,
immunoturbidity,
nephelometry, immunofixation
76
reference value and CF of a1-acid glycoprotein
50-120 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
77
Member of the serine protease
inhibitor (serpin) family
a1-antichymotrypsin and inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
78
Binds and inactivates prostate
specific antigens
a1-antichymotrypsin
79
Pathognomonic of Alzheimer’s
disease
a1-antichymotrypsin
80
Integral component of the
amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s
disease
a1-antichymotrypsin
81
increased in a1-antichymotrypsin
infection,
malignancy, burn, AMI,
Alzheimer’s disease
82
decreased in a1-antichymotrypsin
: liver disease
83
reference value and CF of a1-antichymotrypsin
: 30-60 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
84
Plays an important role in
inflammation and
carcinogenesis.
inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
85
increased in inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
inflammatory
disorders
86
Indirect marker for
atherosclerosis
a-lipoprotein
86
a-lipoprotein - Increased ( ____mg/dL):
________
Decreased ( mg/dL): _______
≥65, cardioprotective // <35, risk for
chronic heart disease, acute
myocardial infarction
87
main function of Gc globulin
Vitamin
D-binding protein
87
method of Gc globulin
radial
immunodiffusion
88
It is the major carrier protein
for Vitamin D and its
metabolites
Gc globulin
89
Transports fatty acids and
endotoxins
Gc globulin
90
Migrates towards the α1 and α2
bands (EPS)
Gc globulin
91
increased in Gc globulin
pregnancy (3rd
trimester), oral contraceptives
(estrogen)
92
decreased in Gc globulin
liver disease
93
reference value and CF of Gc globulin
20-55 mg/dL
(CF to g/L: 0.01)
94
A tetramer
haptoglobin
95
Binds free hemoglobin by its α chain
haptoglobin
96
marker for intravascular hemolysis
haptoglobin
97
Marker to evaluate rheumatic disease
haptoglobin
98
increased in haptoglobin
stress,
myoglobinuria
99
decreased in haptoglobin
Intravascular
hemolysis,
hemoglobinuria
100
methods of haptoglobin
radial
immunodiffusion,
immunonephelometry
101
reference value and CF of haptoglobin
26-185
mg/dL (CF to g/L: 0.01)
102
Copper-binding glycoprotein
ceruloplasmin
103
Synthesized by the liver where 6-8
atoms of copper are attached
ceruloplasmin
104
Marker for Wilson’s Disease
ceruloplasmin
105
deposition of copper in cornea
Kayser Fleisher rings
106
increased in ceruloplasmin
inflammation,
cancer, pregnancy
107
decreased in ceruloplasmin
Wilson’s
disease, malnutrition,
malabsorption, nephrotic
disease, Menkes’
Syndrome
(kinky hair)
107
reference value & CF of ceruloplasmin
18-45
mg/dL (CF to mg/L: 10)
108
method for ceruloplasmin
Copper oxidase
activity
109
largest major non-immunoglobulin
a2-macroglobulin
109
proteases inhibited by a2-macroglobulin
trypsin, thrombin,
kallikrein, plasmin
110
Forms a complex with PSA
a2-macroglobulin
111
Removed by reticuloendothelial system after inhibiting proteases
a2-macroglobulin
112
reference value and CF of a2-macroglobulin
150-420
mg/dL (CF to g/L: 0.01)
112
increased in a2-macroglobulin
Nephrosis (10x),
Pregnancy (20%),
Diabetes, Liver disease,
Contraceptive medication
112
methods for a2-macroglobulin
radial
immunodiffusion,
immunonephelometry,
ELISA and latex
agglutination
113
proteins in a1 globulin group
a1-antitrypsin, a1-fetoprotein, a1-acid glycoprotein, a1-antichymotryspsin, inter-a-trypsin inhibitor, a-lipoprotein, Gc globulin
114
a2 globulin group
haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, a2-macroglobulin
114
proteins in b2 globulin group
hemopexin, b2-microglobulin, transferrin, fibrinogen, complement, c-reactive protein, pre-b-lipoprotein, b-liporotein, immunoglobulins
115
binds heme released by degeneration of hemoglobin
hemopexin
116
reference value & CF of hemopexin
50-120 mg/dL (CF: 0.01)
116
increased in hemopexin
inflammation, diabetes, duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, melanoma
117
decreased in hemopexin
urinary loss, decrease liver synthesis, hemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis
118
light chain component in the major histocompatibility complex or human leukocyte antigen
b2-microglobulin
119
found in the surface of most nucleated cells
b2-microglobulin
119
found in high level concentration in lymphocytes
b2-microglobulin
119
important in the production of CD8 cells
b2-microglobulin
120
freely filtered by the glomerulus and absorbed & metabolized in the proximal tubules in the kidneys
b2-microglobulin
121
increased _______ in plasma is due to impaired clearance in the kidneys
b2-microglobulin
122
tends to fold into b-sheet configuration
b2-microglobulin
122
increased in b2-microglobulin
renal disease, multiple myelomas, RA, SLE, HIV
123
method for b2-microglobulin
immunoassay
123
reference value for b2-microglobulin
0.2 - 2.8 ug/dL
124
negative acute phase reactants
albumin and transferrin
125
major b-globulin protein
transferrin
126
other name of transferrin
siderophilin
127
transports iron back to its storage site (___)
transferrin, bone marrow
128
increased level of transferrin in plasma appears as ___ (__) and is seen in severe IDA
paraprotein (pseudoparaproteinemia)
129
decreased level of transferrin can impair _____ and can lead to _____
hgb production, anemia
130
increased transferrin
hemochromatosis (bronze diabetes), IDA
131
decreased transferrin
liver disease, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome
132
methods for transferrin
immunodiffusion, immunonepehelometry
133
reference value for transferrin
Male: 215-365 mg/dL // Female: 250-380 mg/dL // CF: 0.01
134
other name for fibrinogen
clotting factor I
135
one of the largest proteins in the blood
fibrinogen
136
most abundant coagulation factor
fibrinogen
137
marker for long term prognosis of cardiovascular disease
fibrinogen
138
increased fibrinogen
inflammatory disorders, pregnancy, contraceptive medication
139
decreased fibrinogen
extensive coagulation
140
reference value and CF for fibrinogen
200-400 mg/dL (0.01)
141
natural defense mechanism against infection
complement
142
ciruclates in inactivated form
complement
143
most abundant complement in serum
C3
144
important in macular degeneration
C3
145
most commonly measured complement protein
C3 AND C4
146
increased in complement
inflammation
147
important in assessing RA and SLE
C4 & C4
148
decreased in C3
autoimmune disorders, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bacteremia, tissue injury, chronic hepatitis
149
decreased in C4
disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, malnutrition
150
method of complement
immunonephelometry, turbidimetry
151
member of the pentaxin protein family
C-reactive protein
152
most popular acute phase reactant
C-reactive protein
153
name is derived for the ability to precipitate C-substance of pneumococci
C-reactive protein
154
known as a scavenger molecule
C-reactive protein
155
gamma-migrating protein
C-reactive protein
156
early cardiac marker
C-reactive protein
157
used as a rapid test and presumptive diagnosis of bacterial or viral infection
C-reactive protein
157
determines the severity of CHD
C-reactive protein
158
undetectable in healthy specimen, but is present in diverse inflammatory disease
C-reactive protein
159
increased in C-reactive protein
acute rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, RA, gout, bacterial & viral infection
160
reference value of C-reactive protein
>1.0 mg/dL
161
transports TAG from liver to peripheral tissues
pre-b-lipoprotein
162
transports cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues
b-lipoprotein
163
most atherogenic lipoprotein
b-lipoprotein
164
reference values for b-lipoprotein
Optimal: <100mg/dL // Above optimal: 100-129 mg/dL // Borderline: 130-159 mg/dL // High: 160-189 mg/dL // Very high: > _190mg/dL
165
the only protein synthesized by plasma cells
immunoglobulins
166
most abundant, found in plasma and lymph nodes
IgG
167
found in mucous secretions
IgA
167
1st to appear in resposnse to antigenic stimulation
IgM
168
found in the surface of B cells
IgD
169
associated with allergy and anaphylactic shock
IgE
169
composition of immunoglobulins (%)
82-96% protein // 4-18% CHO
170
gamma spike is seen in?
multiple myeloma, immunoglobulins
171
decreased immunoglobulins
HIV and other immunodeficiences
172
method for immunoglobulins
nephelometry, turbidimetry, radial immunodiffusion, immuno assay
173
primary oxygen-carrying protein
myoglobin
174
what are the cardiac proteins
myoglobin, troponin, b-type natriuretic peptide
175
myoglobin is found in
cardiac and skeletal muscle
176
myoglobin carries ___% of total muscle protein
2%
177
myoglobin transports and stores oxygen from ____ to the intracellular respiratory enzymes of the ________
hgb, contractile cells
178
earliest marker for myocardial infarction
myoglobin
179
rise of myoglobin
1-3hrs
180
peak of myoglobin
5-12hrs
181
troponin is found in
skeletal muscle
182
normalize of myoglobin
18-30 hrs ave. 24 hrs
183
transporter of actin and myosin
troponin
184
method of troponin
immunoassay
185
screening test for myocardial infarction (____)
myoglobin, >100 ug/mL
186
myoglobin may cause false positive in urine strip and Hgb during ______ due to its ______
myoglobinuria, pseudoperoxidase activity
187
myoglobin increased
AMI, rhabdomyolysis, angina, muscular trauma, intramuscular injection, strenous exercise, acute renal failure
188
method of myoglobinuria
immunoassay
189
other name of troponin T
troponin-binding subunit
190
other name of troponin I
inhibitory subunit
191
other name of troponin C
calcium-binding subunit
192
troponin that regulates muscle contraction
troponin c
193
troponin that is cardiac specific and sensitive
troponin i
194
troponin that is not cardiac specific
troponin c
195
troponin i is found in
myocardium
196
troponin that is absent in normal serum
troponin i and t
197
troponin t is found in
fetal and deceased skeletal muscle
198
sensitive marker for diagnosis of unstable angina
troponin t
199
_____ - suggestive of AMI
>_1.5 ng/mL
200
rise, peak, normalize of troponin t
3-4hrs, 10-24hrs, 7 days
201
rise, peak, normalize of troponin i
3-6hrs, 12-18hrs, 5-10 days
202
popular marker for congestive heart failure
b-type natriuretic peptide
203
increases in response to peptide ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction
b-type natriuretic peptide
204
half life of b-type natriuretic peptide
60-120 minutes
205
methods for b-type natriuretic peptide
RIA, microparticle enzyme immunoassay, ECLIA
206
reference value of b-type natriuretic peptide
<100pg/mL
207
other name for renal proteins
cystatin c
208
alternative for creatinine and creatinine clearance test to screen and monitor kidney dysfunction
renal proteins
208
a cysteine proteinase inhibitor
renal proteins
209
new sensitive endogenous serum marker for glomerular filtration rate
renal proteins
210
not affected by age, diet, gender, or muscle mass
renal proteins
211
increased in renal proteins
renal disease
212
what are the renal proteins
urinary proteins, microalbuminuria, csf protein, csf oligoclonal banding
212
methods for renal proteins
particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetry, immunonephelometry
213
most urinary proteins are from the ____
blood
214
normal albumin excretion rate
<20 ug/min
215
most common and serious type of proteinuria
glomerular proteinuria (albuminuria)
216
appearance
of low molecular weight proteins
in urine due to defective
reabsorption with slightly
increased urine albumin excretion
rate
tubular proteinemia
217
positive albumin dipstick value
>_6.0 mg/dL
218
hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria,
and Bence-Jones Proteins
overload proteinemia
219
protein
from the urinary tract caused by
infection, bleeding, or malignancy
postrenal proteinemia
220
Early indicator of glomerular
dysfunction
microalbuminuria
221
Nephropathy associated with
Type 1 DM
microalbuminuria
222
positive for microalbuminuria
2 out 3 specimens collected
within 3-6 months
223
physiologic increase for microalbuminuria
physical exercise during the previous 24 hours
224
specimen for microalbuminuria
random urine
225
increased in microalbuminuria
diabetic nephropathy,
fever, infection and hypertension
226
method for microalbuminuria
random-spot
albumin-creatinine ratio
227
reference value for microalbuminuria
0-29 μg/mg creatinine
Microalbuminuria: 30-300
μg/mg creatinine.
Clinical albuminuria: >300
μg/mg creatinine
228
an ultrafiltrate of plasma
formed in the choroid plexus
of the ventricles of the brain
CSF
229
method for CSF protein
TCA, SSA, Coomassie
Brilliant Blue (dye), Lowry and
Kinetic Biuret Reaction
230
decreased in CSF protein
intracranial
hypertension, hyperthyroidism,
CSF leakage due to trauma
231
reference value of CSF protein
15-45 mg/dL
232
reference value of CSF albumin
10-30 mg/dL (2/3 of
CSF total protein)
233
Presence of 2 or more IgG
bands in the γ region
CSF Oligoclonal banding
234
Seen in multiple sclerosis (90%)
CSF Oligoclonal banding
235
(+) result for CSF Oligoclonal banding
≥ 2 bands in
the CSF not present in serum
236
other disorders with 2 or more bands in the CSF
Encephalitis, neurosyphilis,
Guillain-Barre syndrome,
neoplastic disorders
237
supporting medium & stain for CSF Oligoclonal banding
Agarose gel & Coomasie Brilliant
Blue
237
Disorders with serum banding
appearing in CSF
Leukemia, lymphoma, viral
infection
238
Detected in newborn screening
aminoacidopathies
238
what is absent in alkaptonuria
homogentisate-1,2-dioxygenase
239
diagnostic indicator of alkaptonuria
darkening
of urine upon standing at RT
239
clinical feature of alkaptonuria
ochronosis
(tissue pigmentation)
240
what is absent in homocystinuria
cystathionine Β-synthase
241
what is absent in Maple Syrup Urine Disease
α-keto
acid decarboxylase
241
screening test & antagonist of homocystinuria
Modified Guthrie Test (Lmethionine sulfoximine – antagonist)
242
Result from accumulation of
branched-chain amino acids such as
leucine, isoleucine, & valine
243
clinical features of homocystinuria
physical
defects, thrombosis,
osteoporosis, islets
abnormalities, and mental
retardation
244
screening test & antagonist of Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Modified Guthrie Test (4-azaleucine – antagonist)
245
diagnostic test for Maple Syrup Urine Disease
amino acid analysis (HPLC)
245
indicator of Maple Syrup Urine Disease
4 mg/dL leucine – indicative of MSUD
246
clinical feature of Maple Syrup Urine Disease
failure to thrive,
muscular rigidity, mental
retardation, hypoglycemia
247
what is absent in Phenylketonuria
phenylalanine hydrolase
(PAH) / phenylalanine-4-
monooxygenase
248
reference value of PKU
1.2-3.4 mg/dL (70-200 umol/L)
249
PKU displays increased concentration
of primary metabolite
(_______) in both
blood & urine
phenylpyruvic acid
250
odor of PKU urine
Musty odor urine
251
screening test for PKU
Guthrie
Bacterial Inhibition Assay
(Bacillus subtilis spores
& β2-thienylalanine -
antagonist)
252
positive result for screening test of PKU
Bacterial
growth (phenylalanine
>4 mg/dL)
253
Tyrosinemia 2
Tyrosine
aminotransferase
254
Tyrosinemia 3
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic
acid dioxygenase
255
Tyrosinemia 1
Fumarylacetoacetate
hydrolase/FAA
hydrolase
256
Tyrosinemia is accompanied by
increased
level in the blood of methionine
& p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid
